222 Scharenbroch: A Meta-analysis of Studies Relating to Organic Materials but did not include treatments such as biological inoculants and plant growth hormones. Our literature search of AUF produced 176 studies that related in some manner to organic materials. Of those studies, only 33 (Table 1) met our criteria for the meta- analysis. Our criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis were that studies needed to: 1) provide data; 2) examine an organic treatment(s); 3) have a scientific control; and, 4) show significant results (p ≤ 0.05). Results and conclusions from the remaining Author(s) Species 143 studies not included in the meta-analysis were assessed and compiled in the first section of the discussion labeled, qualitative summary of literature search. These 143 studies were not includ- ed in the meta-analysis, but are included in the discussion be- cause they provide a historical framework for the topic of interest. Treatment effects were quantified by computing % change is the mean treatment re- (Δ) relative to the control, where, Xt sponse and Xc is the control (Equation 1) (Cooper and Hodges Table 1. Species, specifications, soil types, and characteristics of organic materials for studies used in this meta-analysis. Code Date A 1982 B 1983 Fraedrich & Ham Litzow & Pellet C 1988 E 1988 F 1989 G 1990 H 1990 I J K 1992 Hensley et al. D 1988 Watson Myers & Harrison Green & Watson Appleton et al. Himelick & Watson 1991 Watson Smith & Rakow Zajicek L 1992 Watson et al. M 1993 N 1994 1995 O 1995 P Q 1995 1999 T 1999 U 1999 R 1996 Watson et al. S Foshee et al. Iles & Dosman V 2002 Watson W 2004 X 2004 Y 2005 Z 2005 a b c d e f g 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 Gilman Gilman & Grabosky Ferrini et al. Arnold et al. (age, size, care, concerns, etc.) Acer rubrum and A. saccharinum Fraxinus pennsylvanica Magnolia grandiflora Tilia cordata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus rubra, Q. palustris Viburnum opulus, Juniperus chinensis Acer saccharum Ilex crenata, Rhododendron obtusum, Acer rubrum Quercus alba not specifcied Specifications herbicide 10 cm (dbh) container 2 yr Acer rubrum, A. platanoides, A. saccharum, open grown, 20 yr, herbicide container, wetting agent, fertilizer bare root tillage herbicide, fertilizer 45–76 cm (dbh), fertilizer not specified 1991 Watson & Kupkowski Acer saccharinum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica 15–58 cm (dbh) Gleditisia triacanthos, Malus spp. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Malus spp. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Lichter & Lindsey Duchesne & Clark Lagerstroemia indica not applicable Thuga occidentalis Greenly & Radkow Pinus strobus, Quercus palustris Smalley & Wood Duryea et al. Acer rubrum Carya illinoensis Acer rubrum Quercus alba Quercus virginia Quercus virginia Quercus robur Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Koelreuteria bipinnata Scharenbroch & Lloyd various deciduous Roberts Ferrini & Baietto Rivenshield & Bassuk not applicable Montague et al. Singer & Martin Ferrini et al. Acer rubrum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Acer platanoides Lagerstroemia indica, Forsythia × intermedia, Spirea × vanhouttei, Photinia × fraseri not applicable Tilia × europaea, Aesculus × carnea bare root whips 0.9 m (ht) B&B, hole shapes 1 yr, inground pots fabric, compaction seeds Quercus alba, Tilia spp., Platanus acerfolia 8.3, 9.1, 12.4 cm (dbh) Lactuca spp. seed container, fertilization bare root, 1.6–2.0 cm (cal), herbicide 79 cm (dbh) container, 5.1 cm (cal), irrigation 6.5 cm (cal), herbicide B&B; 5 yr, 4.5 m (ht), 13 cm (dbh), fertilization 126 cm (ht), 88 cm (ht), planting depth, fertilization 2 to 7 m (ht) plug seedlings, bare root, 2 yr, fertilization B&B, 5 yr, 4.5 m (ht), 15 cm (dbh), covering type compaction, wetting agent container, irrigation aridity B&B, 3 to 4 cm (dbh), herbicide Soil type Typez Pope silt loam not specified sandy loam, perlite, peat Tetotum loam not specified not specified not specified sandy loam Modey sandy clay loam mulch surface sandy loam clay loam mulch surface mulch surface compost surface mulch surface compacted clay compost surface subsoil mix surface mulch surface mulch surface mulch deep surface mulch surface compacted clay compost backfill subsoil 66% fritted clay mulch surface 33% peat-lite silt loam bare root and B&B 3–5 cm (cal), Collamer silt 1.2–1.5 m (ht) B&B 3 cm (cal) O-Ae-B horizons mulch surface loam Cecil sandy loam mix not specified filter paper Cahaba fine sandy loam Nicollet fine sandy loam not specified Milhopper fine sand Milhopper fine sand clay Bonnville fine sandy loam clay loam sandy loam Austin silty clay Rillito gravelly mulch surface loam not specified mulch surface z Mulch materials include: tree trimmings, wood chips, hay, chunk and shredded bark; composted materials include: food, humic acids, yard waste, leaves, grass clippings. y Surface applications are application of 0 to 10 cm; deep surface application are > 10 cm; backfill amendments applied below the surface. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture mulch deep surface mulch deep surface backfill surface compost backfill mix mix mulch surface compost backfill compost backfill mulch surface compost backfill mulch deep surface Paulose silt loam mulch surface not applicable mix compost surface clay loam mulch surface backfill compost backfill deep surface
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