Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(5): September 2009 tem design behavior. Concerns that the stone adds nothing to available moisture holding capacity, but adversely lowers plant available water capacity by soil dilution may not be warranted. Acknowledgments. We would like to acknowledge the extensive assistance with the Cornell University studies from the Soil Physics lab of Dr. Har- old van Es and his technician Robert Schindelbeck. Partial funding for sec- tions of this work was provided by the TREE Fund 2005–2006 and by NUC- FAC 2004-2007. LITERATURE CITED American Society of Testing Materials. 1997a. Section 4: Construction. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Philadelphia: American Soci- ety for Testing and Materials. 04.08 Soil and Rock (I) D420-D4914. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1995. Standard specifications of transportation materials and meth- ods of sampling and testing 17th edition. Washington DC, AASHTO. Part II Tests. Atkins, H.N. 1997. Section 1.54 Soil Water. In: Highway materials, soils, and concretes 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Bühler, O., P. Kristofferson, and S.U. Larson. 2007. Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of different establishment concepts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5):330–337. Carolina Stalite Company. 2007. Product specifications and Stalite struc- tural soil specifications. http://www.stalite.com/specifications2.html accessed: December 3, 2007. Costello, L.R., and K.S. Jones. 2003. Reducing infrastructure damage by tree roots: A compendium of strategies. WCISA. 119 p. Craul, Phillip J. 1992. Urban Soils in Landscape Design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY. Donahue, R.L., R.W. Miller, and J.C. Shickluna. 1983. Soils an introduc- tion to soils and plant growth 5th edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Grabosky, J. 1999. Growth response of three tree species in sidewalk profiles. PhD Dissertation Cornell University. Grabosky, J. 1996. Developing a structural soil material with high bear- ing strength and increased rooting volumes for street trees under side- walks. MS Thesis. Cornell University. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 2008. Sixth- and tenth-year growth mea- surements for three tree species in a load-bearing stone-soil blend under pavement and a tree lawn in Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Arbori- culture & Urban Forestry 34(4):265–266. Grabosky, J., N. Bassuk, and H. van Es. 1996. Further testing of rigid urban tree soil materials for use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 22(6):255–263. Grabosky J., N. Bassuk, L. Irwin, and H. van Es. 2001. Shoot and root growth of three tree species in sidewalk profiles. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 19(4):206–211. Grabosky, J., N. Bassuk, and B.Z. Marranca. 2002. Preliminary findings from measuring street tree shoot growth in two skeletal soil instal- lations compared to tree lawn plantings. Journal of Arboriculture 28(2):106–108. 277 Haffner, E.C. 2008. Porous asphalt and turf: Exploring new applica- tions through hydrological characterization of CU Structural Soil and Carolina Stalite Structural Soil. MS Thesis. Cornell University. Liu, H.H., and J.H. Dane. 1995. Improved computational procedure for retention relations of immiscible fluids using pressure cells. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59:1520-1524. New York State Department of Transportation. 2006. 2006 Standard specifications; construction and materials. Office of Engineering, Albany, NY. 7.03. New York State Department of Transportation. 1990. Standard specifica- tions; construction and materials. Office of Engineering, Albany, NY. 7.15–7.20. Ogden, C.B., H.M. van Es, and R.R. Schindelbeck. 1997. Miniature rain simulator for measurement of infiltration and runoff. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61:1041–1043 Scholander, P.F., H.T. Hammel, E.A. Hemmingsen, and E.D. Bradstreet. 1964. Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic potential in leaves of Man- groves and some other plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 52:119–125 Smiley, E.T., L. Calfee, B. Fraedrich, and E.J. Smiley. 2006. Compaction of Structural Soil and Noncompacted Soils for Trees Surrounded by Pavement. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 32(4):164–169. Tokunaga T.K., K.R. Olson, and J. Wan. 2003. Moisture characteristics of Hanford gravels: Bulk, grain-surface, and intragranular compo- nents. Vadose Zone Journal 2:322–329. Tokunaga T.K., J. Wan, and K.R. Olson. 2002. Saturation matric poten- tial relations in gravel. Water Resources Research 38(10). Topp G.C., Y.T. Galganov, B.C. Ball, and M.R. Carter. 1993. Soil Water Desorption curves. In: M.R. Carter (Ed.). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, FL. pp 569–580. Williams L.E., and F.J. Araujo. 2002. Correlations among predawn leaf, midday leaf, and midday stem water potential and their cor- relations with other measures of soil and plant water status in Vitis vinifera. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science 127(3):448–454. Jason Grabosky (corresponding author) Associate Professor Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.
[email protected] Edward Haffner Associate Designer Terry Guen Design Associates Chicago, Il, 60654, U.S. Nina Bassuk Professor and Program Leader Urban Horticulture Institute Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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