10 of the injections, the plastic ports (Arborplugs) were extruded (Figure 5b). No weeping, oozing or decay was noted. No struc- tural failures were observed. This study suggests that tree injec- tions are well tolerated in healthy green ash and have a potential role as a tool to protect trees against exotic and destructive pests. Doccola et al.: Tree Wound Responses to Trunk Injection Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank David Smith, East Lansing Forestry Manager, for the permitting of the tree removals, and Jack Barkley and the Ayles Tree Service crew for tree removals. Thanks also to Ian Hudson, Angela Zito, and Chase Boggs-Smitley for data col- lection and photographic images of tree dissections. The authors also thank Dr. David Cox, Syngenta Crop Protection, for his review and comments. LITERATURE CITED Abacus Concepts. 1991. SuperAnova Berkeley (CA): Abacus Concepts. Abacus Concepts. 1992. StatView Berkeley (CA): Abacus Concepts. Cappaert, D., D.G. McCullough, T.M. Poland, and N.W. Seigert. 2005. Emerald ash borer in North America: a research and regulatory chal- lenge. American Entomologist 51:152–165. Chaney, W.R. 1986. Anatomy and Physiology Related to Chemical Movement in Trees. Journal of Arboriculture 12(4):85–91. Dujesiefken, D., W. Liese, W. Shortle, and R. Minocha. 2005. Response of beech and oaks to wounds made at different times of the year. Eu- ropean Journal of Forest Research 124:113–117. Ellmore, G.S., W.E. Phair, C. Gill, and D. Skinner. 1988. Fluid De- livery in Injected Ring-porous Trees. Journal of Arboriculture 14(10):233–239. Esau, Katherine. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York. Santa Barbara. London, Sydney. Toronto. 550 pp. Haack, R.A., E. Jendek, H. Liu, K.R. Marchant, T.R. Petrice, T.M. Poland, and H. Ye. 2002. The emerald ash borer: a new exotic pest in North America. Newsletter Michigan Entomology Society 47:1–5. Figure 4. Section of trunk from untreated control tree with bark removed showing extensive tunneling from EAB infestation. EAB larvae feed in the vascular cambium below the bark: left un- checked, they effectively girdled the green ash tree. Herms, D.A., D.G. McCullough, D.R. Smitley, C.S. Sadoff, R.C. Wil- liamson, P.L. Nixon. 2009. Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer. North Central IPM Bulletin 12 pp. Figure 5. Longitudinal section through injection sites of three healthy trees that were pro- tected from EAB with IMA-jet or TREE-äge. a) Tree felled three years after the trunk injection and the injection plug was encapsulated. b) Tree felled four years after injection and the injec- tion plug was extruded. c) Tree felled three years after trunk injection using the large diameter plug, which was also encapsulated. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
January 2011
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