16 Nzokou et al.: Wood Residue Processing and Utilization in Southeastern Michigan in land clearing activities due to the decline of new housing construction. Facilities also reported receiving more industrial pallets and crates, and described most of their incoming tree residues as brush. Two other factors were identified as deter- rents for the disposal of wood residues: the increase in im- ports of cheap wood-composite pallets from various overseas sources and the short-term creation of government-subsidized, free, wood disposal yards by EAB eradication programs. Production Wood residue processing facilities produced several prod- ucts, with roughly half of those surveyed producing wood chips or firewood, and almost a quarter producing mulch or lumber. A lesser number of businesses reported produc- Table 5. Source of supply of wood waste yards in southeastern Michigan in 1000 m3 . Types Small Large Total Percentage of total supply Land clearing Wood chips 65.8 Logs Branches and brushes Mulch Stump Source total Pallets Source total Sawmill residues Mixed Branches and brushes Mulch Stump Source total Total wood supply -- -- Scrap pallets -- Wood chips -- from pallets 0 -- 7.1 77.2 -- -- 731.5 797.3 4.5 1,907.4 1,911.8 0.1 1,128.9 1,129 213.2 213.2 2 2 70.2 3,983 4,053.3 60.86% 11.6 11.6 2.5 14.1 367 2.5 14.1 0.21% 367 5.51% Tree removals Wood chips 67.3 1,035.8 1,103.1 Logs 107.6 114.7 911.9 989.1 13.6 13.6 4.6 4.6 151.5 2,073.7 2,225.2 33.41% 221.8 6,437.8 6,659.6 ing products that included compost, pallets, finished wood products, industrial fuels, topsoil, and playground mate- rial. The total production was 2,035.8 thousand m3 (1.6 million tons), essentially consisting of mulches (represent- ing 42% of the total production volume) and woodchips (38.6% of the total). Other common products produced included firewood, industrial fuels, logs, and compost (18.5% combined of the total production volume) (Table 6). Approximately 84% of the total production originat- ed from large yards, while just 16% was produced by the small yards (Table 6). The greater quantity of production from large yards correlates very well with the relative pro- portion of the total supply directed to these yards. The bulk of wood chips, mulch, industrial fuels, and logs production were from these larger yards (Table 6). However, the total production of firewood was more evenly distributed be- tween the larger and smaller yards. Among all yards, utili- zation is predominantly geared toward landscape materials, with mulch and wood chips accounting for 81% of the total production (Figure 2). Firewood and industrial fuels play a ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture Figure 2. Breakdown of production from wood waste processing facilities in southeastern Michigan. Table 6. Estimated total production from wood residue yards in 1000 m3 . Type Mulch Wood chips Firewood Compost Sawn products PC&S Large 684.8 735.3 85 Industrial fuel 132.7 Logs 70.6 -- 9.2 -- Total production 1,717.8 Percentage Small Total % of total production 170.3 51.6 51.2 -- -- 37.1 2.7 5.2 318 855.1 786.9 136.2 132.7 70.6 37.1 11.9 5.2 2,035.8 84.38% 15.62% - 42% 38.6% 6.7% 6.5% 3.5% 1.8% 0.6% 0.3% - 100% Table 7. Price ranges for various products sold from wood residue processing facilities in southeastern Michigan. Product Hardwood mulch Dyed mulch Cedar mulch Compost Wood chips Firewood Price range ($/m3 8.94–11.92 14.91–17.89 14.91–19.38 7.82–11.18 1.86–2.98 12.23–20.71 Field Data Averages obtained from the survey were discussed and validated with owners of the yards visited. They were in general agree- ment with the survey information presented. Based on observa- tion of their yard operations, the general production and market- ing schemes of these yards were mainly oriented toward wood chips and mulch, with only very limited potential for solid wood ) smaller role (collectively representing 13% of production). Log production (3% of total) was relatively uncommon. Reported selling prices varied with the product type and the level of processing (Table 7). As a higher value product, firewood was reported to be sold between $12.23 and $20.71 per m3 . Mulch prices varied between $8.94 and $19.38 per m3, with hardwood mulch at the low- er price point and colored or cedar mulches at the high end price. Compost prices ranged from $7.82 to $11.18 per m3 , and wood chips brought $1.86 to $2.98 per m3 .
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