©2023 International Society of Arboriculture 72 Sharif R, Mujtaba M, Rahman MU, Shalmani A, Ahmad H, Anwar T, Tianchan D, Wang X. 2018. The multifunctional role of chitosan in horticultural crops; A review. Molecules. 23(4):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040872 Sharp RG. 2013. A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interac- tions and improve crop yields. Agronomy. 3(4):757-793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3040757 Swait AAJ, Butt DJ. 1990. Fungicides as antisporulants against apple powdery mildew and scab. Annals of Applied Biology. 116(11):36-37. Vasyukova NI, Zinov’eva SV, Il’inskaya LI, Perekhod EA, Chalenko GI, Gerasimova NG, Il’ina AV, Varlamov VP, Ozeretskovskaya OL. 2001. Modulation of plant resistance to diseases by water-soluble chitosan. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 37:103-109. https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1002865029994 Villalta ON, Washington WS, McGregor G. 2004. Susceptibility of European and Asian pears to pear scab. Plant Protection Quarterly. 19(1):2-4. https://caws.org.nz/PPQ1819/PPQ %2019-1%20pp002-4%20Villalta.pdf Volpe V, Carotenuto G, Berzero C, Cagnina L, Puech-Pages V, Genre A. 2020. Short chain chito-oligosaccharides promote arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Medicago truncatula. Carbohydrate Polymers. 229:115505. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.carbpol.2019.115505 Walker R, Morris S, Brown P, Gracie A. 2004. Evaluation of potential for chitosan to enhance plant defence. Devonport (Tasmania, Australia): Rural Industries Research and Devel- opment Corporation. RIRDC Publication No. 04/RIRDC Project No. RSAG-4A. 55 p. Wojdyla AT. 2004. Chitosan (biochikol 020 PC) in the control of some ornamental foliage diseases. Communications in Agri- cultural and Applied Biological Sciences. 69(4):705-715. Xu J, Zhao X, Han X, Du Y. 2007. Antifungal activity of oligo- chitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant patho- genic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 87(3):220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.07.013 Zhang M, Tan T, Yuan H, Rui C. 2003. Insecticidal and fungicidal activities of chitosan and oligo-chitosan. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers. 18(5):391-400. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0883911503039019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful for funding in part from the TREE FUND: Hyland Johns Grant (16-HJ-02). Glynn C. Percival (corresponding author) Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory Cutbush Lane East Shinfield, Reading, United Kingdom
[email protected] Sean Graham Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory Cutbush Lane East Shinfield, Reading, United Kingdom of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 68(44):12203-12211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05316 Murphy JG, Rafferty SM, Cassells AC. 2000. Stimulation of wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) arbuscular mycorrhizas by addition of shellfish waste to the growth substrate: Interaction between mycorrhization, substrate amendment and suscepti- bility to red core (Phytophthora fragariae). Applied Soil Ecology. 15(2):153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929 -1393(00)00091-3 Muzzarelli R, Tarsi R, Filippini O, Giovanetti E, Biagini G, Var- aldo PE. 1990. Antimicrobial properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 34(10): 2019-2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.34.10.2019 O’Herlihy EA, Duffy EM, Cassells AC. 2003. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and chitosan sprays on yield and late blight resistance in potato crops from microplants. Folia Geobotanica. 38:201-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803152 Ozbay N, Newman SE. 2004. Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato and control methods. Plant Pathology. 3(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2004.9.18 Percival GC. 2018. Evaluation of silicon fertilizers and a resis- tance inducing agent for control of apple and pear scab under field conditions. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 44(5):205- 214. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2018.017 Percival GC, Boyle S. 2005. Evaluation of microcapsule trunk injections for the control of apple scab and powdery mildew. Annals of Applied Biology. 147(1):119-127. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/J.1744-7348.2005.00019.X Percival GC, Graham S. 2021. Evaluation of inducing agents and synthetic fungicide combinations for management of foliar pathogens of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 47(2):85-95. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.008 Percival GC, Noviss K, Haynes I. 2009. Field evaluation of sys- temic inducing resistance chemicals at different growth stages for the control of apple (Venturia inaequalis) and pear (Venturia pirina) scab. Crop Protection. 28(8):629-633. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.03.010 Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Rogge TM, Stevens CV, Höfte M, Steurbaut W, Smagghe G. 2005. Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives. Pest Man- agement Science. 61(10):951-960. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ps.1085 Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules. 4(6):1457-1465. https:// doi.org/10.1021/bm034130m Radwan MA, Farrag SAA, Abu-Elamayem MM, Ahmed NS. 2012. Extraction, characterization, and nematicidal activity of chitin and chitosan derived from shrimp shell wastes. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 48:463-468. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00374-011-0632-7 Reglinski T, Taylor JT, Dick MA. 2004. Chitosan induces resis- tance to pitch canker in Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 34(1):49-58. https://www.scionresearch. com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/59178/04_REGLINSKI.pdf Scortichini M. 2014. Field efficacy of chitosan to control Pseu- domonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of kiwi- fruit bacterial canker. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 140:887-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0515-5 Percival et al: Chitin-Based Soil Amendments on Severity of Apple and Pear Scab
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