©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(2): March 2023 101 Appendix. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREAS Stevens Point, WI, USA (44.523483, −89.574814) has a total population of 26,670 people (US Census Bureau 2017) with an elevation of 331.9 m, average precipitation of 83.0 cm, and an average temperature of 6.7 °C. Native soils in Stevens Point are described as a Plainfield-Friendship association, which is moderate to excessively well-drained and formed in deep sandy glacial deposits (USDA NRCS 1978). Stevens Point has approximately 7,230 city trees distrib- uted among 47 species, with dominant genera of Acer (25%), Fraxinus (15%), Malus (7%), Tilia (6%), and Pinus (6%)(Davey Resource Group 2010). Green Bay, WI, USA (44.513287, −88.01326) has a total population of 104,779 people (US Census Bureau 2017) with an elevation of 177.0 m, average precipitation of 74.9 cm, and an average temperature of 6.7 °C. The native soils in Green Bay are described as an Oshkosh-Manawa association. These soils are well-drained to somewhat poorly drained with sand and loamy subsoil (USDA NRCS 1974). Green Bay has approximately 35,000 city trees, with dominant genera of Acer (31%), Fraxinus (21%), Tilia (19%), and Gleditsia (9%)(Freberg 2016). Milwaukee, WI, USA (43.04181, −87.90684) has a total population of 599,164 people (US Census Bureau 2017) with an elevation of 188.0 m, average precipitation of 87.4 cm, and an average temperature of 8.7 °C. The native soils in Milwaukee are described as an Ozaukee-Marley-Mequon association. These soils are well-drained to somewhat poorly drained with clay subsoils (USDA NRCS 1971). Milwaukee’s total tree population is approximately 3,377,000 trees, with dominant genera of Rhamnus (23%), Acer (20%), Fraxinus (17%), Ulmus (6%), and Gleditsia (6%)(i-Tree 2008). It should be noted that native soils in all 3 cities have been significantly altered by urbanization. TREE PERFORMANCE METRICS Qualitative tree health was assessed using 3 metrics: tree condition (TC), tree condition index (TCI), and urban tree health (UTH). Equations and scoring functions for these metrics are as follows. Tree condition (TC) scores were calculated following Scharenbroch et al. 2017 (Equation S1; Table S1). This method is a quick assessment of the relative growth and signs/symptoms of stress. It provides a 0 to 3 rating based on an ocu- lar estimation of the presence of leaves and their condition, bark condition, and growth rate. The tree condition is con- sidered dead when more than one-half of the crown is dead and bark is sloughing off. Trees are in poor condition when less than half of the crown is dead and there are signs of severely stunted growth. Trees are in fair condition if they have reduced growth, minor dieback, and/or are chlorotic. Trees are in good condition when there are no signs of stress present and exhibit high growth rates. Equation S1. Tree condition (TC) = n Table S1. Parameters and scoring function for the tree condition (TC) model. TC Score Dead (> 1/2 of the crown dead, sloughing bark) 0 Poor (< 1/2 of the crown dead, growth severely stunted) 1 Fair (reduced growth, chlorotic, minor dieback) 2 Good (no stress present, high growth rates) 3 Tree condition index (TCI) scores were calculated using the modified Webster (1979) method first used by Scharen- broch and Catania (2012)(Equation S2; Table S2). This method provides a rating on a 1 to 5 scale on the tree’s trunk, crown, and roots. The trunk factor rates how sound the tree is and the presence of damage or decay and its extent. Crown is the tree’s canopy density and balance or evenness. The roots factor is the presence of proper rooting habits represented by a large, evenly spaced structural root flare.
March 2023
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