©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(5): September 2023 235 description of the framework process, consult Brandt et al. (2021). A few new species were scored specifi- cally for this study, as they had not been previously scored. tree literature, including Gilman and Watson (1993), Burns and Honkala (1990a, 1990b), Hauer et al. (2006), and Duryea et al. (2007). The resulting scores were then subjected to expert review. For a full Table 1. Adaptability modification factors, codes, and descriptions. This table is an abbreviated version of Table 2 from Brandt et al. (2021). Factor type Modification factor Modification factor description Disturbance Disease Accounts for the number and severity of known pathogens that attack a species. Disturbance Insect pests Accounts for the number and severity of insects that may attack a species. Disturbance Browse The extent to which browsing (by deer or other herbivores) affects the species, either positively by promoting growth or through effective strategies for herbivory avoidance, or negatively by overbrowsing. Disturbance Invasive plants The effects of invasive plants on the species, either through competition for nutrients or as a pathogen. Disturbance Drought The degree to which a species is tolerant or susceptible to drought. Disturbance Flood The degree to which a species is tolerant or susceptible to flooding. Disturbance Ice The damaging effects of ice storms and potential for ice heaving on a species. Disturbance Wind The damaging effects of windstorms, uprooting potential, and top breakage of a species. Disturbance Temperature gradients The effects of variations in the temperature gradient associated with a species. Disturbance Air pollution Airborne pollutants that affect, mostly negatively, a species’ growth, health, and distribution. This includes acid rain and ozone. Disturbance Soil and water pollution Pollutants in the soil and water that affect, mostly negatively, a species’ growth, health, and distribution. Disturbance Salt The tolerance of a species to salt. This may include road salt and other urban salt pollution in soils, as well as sea spray for coastal areas. Biological Competition-light The tolerance of a species to shade. Biological Edaphic specificity The specific soil requirements (e.g., pH, texture, organic content, horizon thickness, permeability) for a species to survive in a suitable habitat. Includes long-term soil moisture capacities of the soil. Biological Landscape and planting site specificity The ability for the species to be planted in a variety of site types (e.g., street, residential, park, campus). Biological Restricted rooting conditions The ability of a species to grow and survive in narrow boulevards and other constrained spaces. Biological Nursery propagation The ease and/or cost of producing the species in a nursery. This also relates to how widely available it is. Biological Planting establishment The ease with which the species establishes itself after planting. This also relates to the amount of care required for establishment. Biological Maintenance required The degree to which pruning or other maintenance is needed after establishment. Biological Invasive potential Likelihood that the species could become invasive if planted. Applies to both native and non-native species.
September 2023
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