©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(5): September 2023 243 practitioners in the Milwaukee metropolitan area have already been diversifying their species selec- tions for new plantings over the last few decades. Managed urban tree inventories should continue to be evaluated for their adaptability and vulnerability over the next century. More consistent and reliable recommendations will continue to be developed with new climate models and with an improved under- standing of different species’ ability to adapt to urban conditions. LITERATURE CITED Brandt LA, Derby Lewis A, Scott L, Darling L, Fahey RT, Iverson L, Nowak DJ, Bodine AR, Bell A, Still S, Butler PR, Dierich A, Handler SD, Janowiak MK, Matthews SN, Miesbauer JW, Peters M, Prasad A, Shannon PD, Stotz D, Swanston CW. 2017. Chicago Wilderness region urban forest vulnerability assessment and synthesis: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework Chicago Wilderness pilot project. Newtown Square (PA, USA): USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. NRS-GTR-168. 142 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-168 Brandt LA, Johnson GR, North EA, Faje J, Rutledge A. 2021. Vulnerability of street trees in Upper Midwest cities to cli- mate change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9:721831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.721831 Burns RM, Honkala BH. 1990a. Silvics of North America. Vol- ume 1: Conifers. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington (DC, USA): USDA Forest Service. 877 p. https://www.srs .fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/table_of_contents.htm Burns RM, Honkala BH. 1990b. Silvics of North America. Vol- ume 2: Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington (DC, USA): USDA Forest Service. 877 p. https://www.srs .fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/table_of_contents.htm Census Reporter. 2021. Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI Metro Area. [Accessed 2022 August 12]. http://censusreporter.org/profiles/ 31000US33340-milwaukee-waukesha-wi-metro-area De Sousa MRC, Montalto FA, Spatari S. 2012. Using life cycle assessment to evaluate green and grey combined sewer over- flow control strategies. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 16(6): 901-913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00534.x Donner LJ, Wyman BL, Hemler RS, Horowitz LW, Ming Y, Zhao M, Golaz JC, Ginoux P, Lin SJ, Schwarzkopf MD, Austin J, Alaka G, Cooke WF, Delworth TL, Freidenreich SM, Gordon CT, Griffies SM, Held IM, Hurlin WJ, Klein SA, Knutson TR, Langenhorsts AR, Lee HC, Lin Y, Magi BI, Malyshev SL, Milly PCD, Naik V, Nath MJ, Pincus R, Ploshay JJ, Ramaswamy V, Seman CJ, Shevliakova E, Sirutis JJ, Stern WF, Stouffer RJ, Wilson RJ, Winton M, Wittenberg AT, Zeng F. 2011. The dynamical core, physical parameter- izations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmo- spheric component AM3 of the GFDL global coupled model CM3. Journal of Climate. 24(13):3484-3519. https://doi.org/ 10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1 Donovan GH, Butry DT, Michael YL, Prestemon JP, Liebhold AM, Gatziolis D, Mao MY. 2013. The relationship between up of up-to-date inventories from a wide range of municipalities and other public and private organiza- tions. Similar to previous studies, under Low climate change projections the vast majority of the tree spe- cies, and the vast majority of the overall inventory (90.15%) that make up the Milwaukee metropolitan area, are not considered vulnerable. However, under the High climate change projection, over half of the inventoried trees (55.52%) fell between moderately and highly vulnerable. Additional analysis shows that smaller diameter classes are equally vulnerable under the High climate change projection. This highlights the fact that although urban forestry practitioners appear to be diversifying their new plantings, they are not necessarily planting species that can withstand a High climate change scenario. The Milwaukee metropolitan area is dealing with the effects of emerald ash borer. As evidenced by the tree inventories collected, there remains a large per- centage of living susceptible ash trees (11.63%). Regardless of these ash species’ vulnerability to cli- mate change, they will not be viable species for new plantings, unless EAB-resistant varieties are propa- gated and planted in the future. This means that over the next century, over 11% of the inventory will become available for new species plantings. Urban forest practitioners should use this opportunity to increase species diversification, as well as select spe- cies that are not vulnerable under climate change pro- jections. The Wisconsin DNR and Brandt et al. (2021) have both identified underutilized climate ready tree species for Wisconsin communities, and these should be considered when selecting species for future plantings. Although this study did not look at vacant planting sites specifically, there was evidence of a large por- tion of the Milwaukee metropolitan area urban forest available for new plantings. This may be a result of large numbers of ash removals due to EAB. The City of Milwaukee alone had 4,617 sites (2.26% of their inventory) available for planting. Similar percentages were seen with other organizations that tracked plant- ing site data. When a conservative 2% planting space projection is applied to the entire Milwaukee metro- politan area inventory, it equals 8,799 potential plant- ing sites. Again, this presents an opportunity for the selection of a diverse and climate-resilient species composition for future plantings. As evidenced by the tree inventory analysis, it appears that urban forestry
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