©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(5): September 2023 245 Xiao Q, McPherson EG, Simpson JR, Ustin SL. 1998. Rainfall interception by Sacramento’s urban forest. Journal of Arbo- riculture. 24(4):235-244. https://doi.org/10.48044/ jauf.1998.028 Yang J. 2009. Assessing the impact of climate change on urban tree species selection: A case study in Philadelphia. Journal of Forestry. 107(7):364-372. https://doi.org/10.1093/ jof/107.7.364 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all of the organizations that pro- vided their tree data for this study. The authors would also like to extend thanks to Dr. Leslie Brandt and Dr. Adrienne Keller for providing guidance and resources for this project and to Annama- rie Rutledge for data curation. Elton C. Rogers (corresponding author) Landscape Horticulture | Arborist Apprenticeship Milwaukee Area Technical College 5555 Highland Rd Mequon, WI, USA 262-238-2336
[email protected] Paul D. Ries, Ed.D Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 321 Richardson Hall Corvallis, OR, USA 541-990-7660
[email protected] Daniel C. Buckler Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 1027 West St. Paul Ave Milwaukee, WI, USA 608-445-4578
[email protected] Conflicts of Interest: The authors reported no conflicts of interest. Résumé. Les impacts potentiels des changements climatiques et d’autres perturbations accélèrent la nécessité de s’atteler aux vul- nérabilités des forêts urbaines. La faible diversité des espèces contribue à la grande vulnérabilité des forêts urbaines. Ce projet a examiné 40 inventaires d’arbres publics et privés dans la région métropolitaine de Milwaukee, Wisconsin, États-Unis. En util- isant un cadre de vulnérabilité établi, cette étude aide à identifier la résilience actuelle et future de la forêt urbaine face aux change- ments climatiques et à d›autres menaces pesant sur la forêt urbaine. Un inventaire des arbres de la région métropolitaine de Milwaukee a été effectué et comprend 439 974 arbres. Cet inven- taire a ensuite été évalué selon deux modèles de changements cli- matiques jusqu’à la fin du siècle (2070 à 2099). La diversité des espèces a également été évaluée en fonction de plusieurs classes de diamètre et l’indice de diversité de Shannon a été utilisé pour Nilsson K, Sangster M, Konijnendijk CC. 2011. Introduction. In: Nilsson K, Sangster M, Gallis C, Hartig T, de Vries S, Seeland K, Schipperijn J, editors. Forests, trees and human health and well-being. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Springer. p. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9806-1 Nowak DJ, Crane DE. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution. 116(3):381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01) 00214-7 Nowak DJ, Greenfield EJ. 2018. Declining urban and commu- nity tree cover in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 32:32-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.006 Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Bodine A, Hoehn R. 2013. Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten US cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution. 178:395-402. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.050 Ordóñez C, Duinker PN. 2014. Assessing the vulnerability of urban forests to climate change. Environmental Reviews. 22(3):311-321. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0078 Raupp MJ, Cumming AB, Raupp EC. 2006. Street tree diversity in eastern North America and its potential for tree loss to exotic borers. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 32(6):297- 304. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.038 Sivyer D. 2010. Mapping the future for EAB readiness and response planning in Milwaukee: An update. Forestry Source. 15(4):12-15. Souci JS, Hanou I, Puchalski D. 2009. High-resolution remote sensing image analysis for early detection and response plan- ning for emerald ash borer. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 75(8):905-909. Steenberg JWN, Millward AA, Nowak DJ, Robinson PJ. 2017. A conceptual framework of urban forest ecosystem vulnera- bility. Environmental Reviews. 25(1):115-126. https://doi.org/ 10.1139/er-2016-0022 Swanston C, Brandt LA, Janowiak MK, Handler SD, Butler- Leopold P, Iverson L, Thompson III FR, Ontl TA, Shannon PD. 2018. Vulnerability of forests of the Midwest and North- east United States to climate change. Climatic Change. 146:103-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2065-2 United Nations. 2018. World Urbanization Prospects 2018. New York (NY, USA): United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. ST/ESA/SER.A/420. 126 p. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/ world-urbanization-prospects-2018 Vannatta AR, Hauer RH, Schuettpelz NM. 2012. Economic analysis of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) management options. Journal of Economic Entomology. 105(1):196-206. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC11130 Vogt J, Hauer R, Fischer BC. 2015. The costs of maintaining and not maintaining the urban forest: A review of the urban forestry and arboriculture literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 41(6):293-323. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2015 .027 Wood SLR, Dupras J. 2021. Increasing functional diversity of the urban canopy for climate resilience: Potential tradeoffs with ecosystem services? Urban Forestry & Urban Green- ing. 58:126972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126972
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