260 Zeeshan et al: Heat Stress Mitigation in a Hot-Humid Urban Environment for building, earth for grounds, and asphalt for pave- ment) rather than exact used materials for each surface; (2) analyzing the thermal conditions with one wind direction (i.e., the dominant one) for entire heatwave period; (3) the application of neutrally stratified boundary layers inlet profiles for velocity and turbu- lence rather than for different atmospheric conditions; (4) missing the effect of anthropogenic heat sources. Thus, these missing aspects are proposed to be stud- ied for future research work, since their application would ensure and improve the result integrity. In addition, a simplified approach was used for modeling radiative shading and its temporal variabil- ity. The shading effect of vegetation is modeled on the ground by modeling the fixed area below the tree canopy, which has a lowered absorptivity value, while the shading direction continuously varies with the solar direction throughout the simulation period, requiring the shaded area to move accordingly. Thus, the complicated temporal variability of tree shade should be modeled for more precise results. Moreover, the study includes 4 important morpho- logical characteristics (CH, TH, CW, HT) along with LAD, but leaf color/shape and texture also contribute to comfort improvement and should be simulated for realistic modeling of the effectiveness of vegetation species. LITERATURE CITED Akbari H, Cartalis C, Kolokotsa D, Muscio A, Pisello AL, Rossi F, Santamouris M, Synnefa A, Wong NH, Zinzi M. 2016. Local climate change and urban heat island mitigation tech- niques—The state of the art. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 22(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3846/ 13923730.2015.1111934 ANSYS. 2016. ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid simulation software. Version 16.2. Cannonsburg (PA, USA): ANSYS, Inc. https:// www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansys-fluent Antoniou N, Montazeri H, Neophytou M, Blocken B. 2019. CFD simulation of urban microclimate: Validation using high-resolution field measurements. Science of the Total Environment. 695:133743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv .2019.133743 Aslam AQ, Ahmad SR, Ahmad I, Hussain Y, Hussain MS. 2017. Vulnerability and impact assessment of extreme climatic event: A case study of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment. 580:468-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv .2016.11.155 Belgacem H, Leduc T, Musy M. 2019. Towards a QGIS-based graph carrier of urban information and spotting wind behavior at the pedestrian level. In: 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment; 2018 August; New York, United States. https://hal.science/ hal-01977551 Figure 7. Boxplots for each scenario summarizes the maximum, minimum, median, average, and interquartile ranges of air temperature, flow velocity, and apparent temperature values simulated at 3 PM (Figure 8). Rank orders represent the cool- ing potential of scenarios based on TAVG values. The green portion represents the range from first quartile to median, while the red portion represents the range from median to third quartile. The circle represents the mean value.
