44 Percival: Effect of Systemic Inducing Resistance and Biostimulant Materials ley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), cucum- ber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), rust (Puccinia sorghi) charcoal rot (Macro- phomina phaseolina), have been shown elsewhere (Kessmann et al. 1994; Reuveni et al. 1994; Reuveni et al. 1995; Godard et al. 1999; Bécot et al. 2000; Pajot et al. 2001; Srivastava et al. 2001; Martinelli et al. 2007). These studies suggested the detrimental effects on fungal development were the result of several modes of action to include synthesis of β-1,3-glucanases, chitinases (Busam et al. 1997), cysteine-rich proteins, beta-(1,3)-glucanase and the PR-1 proteins (Anfoka and Buchenauer 1997) by leaf and root tissue in response to SIR elicitors. Other morphologi- cal and biochemical changes in SIR protected plants include a significantly faster lignification response, which corresponded with an increase in peroxidase activity (Ajilan and Potter 1992), an accumulation of fungi-toxic β-ionone derivatives (Wyatt and Kuc 1992), induction of lipoxygenase (Staub et al. 1992), an- timicrobial fatty acid derivatives (Namai et al. 1993), phenyla- lanine ammonia-lysase, phytoalexins (Elliston et al. 1977) and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (Raggi 1998). Within coni- fers inducible defense systems include secondary resin produc- tion, synthesis of new phenolics, traumatic resin duct formation and initiation of a wound periderm (Franceschi et al. 2000). The synthetic fungicide myclobutanil applied at 0.6 ml (0.02 fl oz) per liter resulted in the greatest germination inhibition (84%), reduced appressorium development (67%) and leaf scab severity (80%) recorded in this study (Table 2). Within the UK and Ireland, myclobutanil is fully approved for scab control of ornamental and fruiting apples, identified as possessing protec- tive and curative action and anti-sporulation activity (Anony- mous 2008). The antisporulant and fungicidal effectiveness of myclobutanil against scab under laboratory and field conditions has been confirmed by other workers when evaluating fungicides for UK and Ireland marketing purposes (Butt et al. 1990; Swait and Butt 1990). Previous research indicates most commercial- ly available SIR agents are generally less effective and consis- tent than standard synthetic fungicides for foliar disease control (Agostini et al. 2003; Percival and Haynes 2008). Results of this study support these conclusions with myclobutanil proving to be the optimal treatment in terms of spore germination inhibi- tion, reduced appressorium development and leaf scab severity. In conclusion, significant reductions in scab severity recorded in this study do give credence to the potential of SIR products as an alternative or compliment to conventional fungicides. As SIR products have no direct effect on pathogens then they are not, at least in the UK, subject to the stringent legislative re- strictions that relate to the use and application of conventional pesticides that act by chemical means. Likewise even though induced resistance products are not totally effective for scab control, they may be useful in an integrated program with stan- dard fungicides. Use of biostimulants as scab protectant com- pounds, however, appears limited based on results of this study. LITERATURE CITED Agostini, J.P., P.M. Bushong, and L.W. Timmer. 2003. Glasshouse evalu- ation of products that induce host resistance for control of scab, mel- anose, and Alternaria brown spot of citrus. Plant Disease 87:69–75. Ajilan, A.M., and D.A. Potter. 1992. Lack of effect of tobacco mosaic virus-induced systemic acquired resistance to anthropoid herbivores. Phytopathology 82:647–651. ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture Anfoka, G., and H. Buchenauer. 1997. Systemic acquired resistance in tomato against Phytophthora infestans by pre-inoculating with to- bacco mosaic virus. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 50:85–101. Anonymous. 2008. The UK Pesticide Guide. British Crop Protection Council, Cabi Publishing, Oxon, UK. Barnes, S., and G.C. Percival. 2006. The influence of biostimulants and water-retaining polymer root dips on survival and growth of newly transplanted bare-rooted silver birch and rowan. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 24:173–179. Bécot, S., E. Pajot, D. Le Corre, C. Monot, and D. Silué. 2000. Phytog- ard® mildew of crucifers. Crop Protection 19:417–425. (K2 HPO3 Bio-Plex Plant Survival Essentials. 2009. Pro-Tech™. Bokshi, A.I., S.C. Morris, and B.J. Deverall. 2003. Effects of benzothia- diazole and acetylsalicylic acid on B-1,3-glucanase activity and dis- ease resistance in potato. Plant Pathology 52:22–27. Busam, G., H.H. Kassemeyer, and U. Matern. 1997. Differential expres- sion of chitinases in Vitis vinifera L. responding to systemic acquired resistance activators or fungal challenge. Plant Physiology 115:1029– 1038. Butt, D.J., A.A.J. Swait, and J.D. Robinson. 1990. Evaluation of fungi- cides against apple powdery mildew and scab. Tests of Agrochemi- cals and Cultivars 11. Annals of Applied Biology (supplement) 116:34–35. Chalker-Scott, L. 2005. The Myth of Compost Tea, Episode III. Elliston, J., J. Kuc, E. Williams, and J. Raje. 1977. Relation of phytoalex- in accumulation to local and systemic protection of bean against an- thracnose. Phytopathology. 88:114–130. Franceschi, V.R., P. Karokene, T. Krekling, and E. Christiansen. 2000. Phloem parenchyma cells are involved in local and distant defense re- sponses to fungal inoculation or bark-beetle attack in Norway spruce (Pinaceae). American Journal of Botany 87:314–326. Fraser, G.A, and G.C. Percival. 2003. The influence of biostimulants on growth and vitality of three urban tree species following transplant- ing. Arboricultural Journal. 27:43–57. Godard, J.F., S. Ziadi, C. Monot, D. Le Corre, and D. Silué. 1999. Ben- zothiadiazole (BTH) induces resistance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrysis) to downy mildew of crucifers caused by Per- onospora parasitica. Crop Protection 18:397–405. Gorlach, J., S. Volrath, G. Knaufbeiter, G. Hengy, and U. Beckhove. 1996. Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8:629–643. Grubinger, V. 2005. Compost tea to suppress plant disease. Published June 2005. University of Vermont Extension. Holb, I.J., B. Heijne, J.C.M. Withagen, J.M. Gall, and M.J. Jeger. 2005. Analysis of summer epidemic progress of apple scab in different apple production systems in the Netherlands and Hungary. Phytopa- thology 95:1001–1020. Kitao, M., T.T. Lei, and T. Koike. 1998. Application of chlorophyll fluo- rescence to evaluate Mn tolerance of deciduous broad-leaved tree seedlings native to northern Japan. Tree Physiology 18:135–140. Kato, T., Y. Yamaguchi, T. Harano, T. Yokayama, and Y. Uyehara. 1984. Unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids, the self defensive substance in rice plants against rice blast disease. Chemical Letters 12:409–412. ) induces localized resistance in cauliflower to downy
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