Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(5): September 2011 clearer picture of overall tree condition. In general, the overall condition rating resulted in a lower condition rating; however, there was a small incidence of cases (1% of the entire popula- tion) where the overall condition rating resulted in a higher con- dition rating than percent dieback, which can be attributed to the observational nature of the study and the subjectivity of the crews. In the end, both the crown and structural condition of the tree need to be considered together. The study authors rec- ommend more research be conducted on the evaluation of tree condition, either by developing a new rating system or using other established tree condition ratings (CITYgreen 2010; CTLA 2000; ISA 2010) that may yield more accurate assessments. CONCLUSION i-Tree Eco has the potential to become the urban tree inventory standard, presenting a valuable management tool as well as vital and accurate environmental information. This research determined that this protocol is efficient and effective for a 100% inventory of a small area. These results provide valuable information land managers can use to help manage and maintain the evolving urban forest on the Auburn University core campus. However, for i-Tree Eco to reach its full potential, further studies and inventories are needed in other locales and areas of the United States. More re- search dealing with the evaluation of dieback as a surrogate for tree condition is just one aspect that requires further study. With more research, i-Tree Eco can be validated for all regions of the country. Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Dudley Hartel and Eric Kue- hler of the USDA Forest Service-Urban Forestry South office for their assistance and guidance during the duration of this project. We would also like to thank Jonathon Bartlett, Mark Caldwell, Andrew Parker, El- liot Glass, Ann Huyler, and Efrem Robbins for their assistance with data collection; James Ransom and Daniel Mullenix for their technical assis- tance; Dr. Greg Somers for statistical guidance; and the Superintendent of Landscape Services, Charlie Crawford, for his assistance throughout the project. This project was funded in part by Auburn University and the USDA Forest Service Co-op Agreement FS-SRS-09-CA-11330150-053. LITERATURE CITED CTLA. 2000. Council of Tree & Landscape Appraisers. Guide for Plant Ap- praisal (8th Edition). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. CITYgreen. 2010. American Forests: CITYgreen Environmental Educa- tion: Tree Inventory Worksheet. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Urban Forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18:227–234. Dwyer, J.F., H.W. Schroeder, and P.H. Gobster. 1991. The Significance of Urban Trees and Forests: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Values. Journal of Arboriculture 17:276–284. Escobedo, F., J.A. Seitz, and W. Zipper. 2009a. Gainesville’s Urban For- est Canopy Cover. FOR 215. School of Forest Resources and Con- servation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 211 Escobedo, F., J.A. Seitz, and W. Zipper. 2009b. Gainesville’s Urban For- est Structure and Composition. FOR 214. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Hauer, R.J., R.W. Miller, and D.M. Ouimet. 1994. Street Tree Decline and Construction Damage. Journal of Arboriculture 20:94–97. Huyler, A., A.H. Chappelka, and E.F. Loewenstein. 2010. UFORE Model Analysis of the Structure and Function of the Urban Forest in Au- burn, Alabama. pp. 18–23. In: Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces III: Linking Science and Society Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, GA. April 11–14, 2010. ISA. 2010. International Society of Arboriculture History. i-Tree. 2010a. i-Tree: Tools for assessing and managing community for- ests. i-Tree. 2010b. Frequently Asked Questions about the UFORE model. i-Tree. 2010c. i-Tree Software Suite v3.1 User’s Manual. i-Tree. 2010d. UFORE Methods. Matheny, N., and J. Clark. 2009. Tree Risk Assessment: What We Know (and What We Don’t Know). Arborist News 18:28–33. McPherson, E.G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, S. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant, and R. Rowntree. 1997. Quantifying Urban Forest Structure, Function, and Value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosystems 1:49–61. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 1998. The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Quantifying Urban Forest Structure and Functions. Integrated Tools Proceedings. pp. 714–720. Nowak, D.J., M.H. Noble, S.M. Sisinni, and J.F. Dwyer. 2001. People & Trees: Assessing the US Urban Forest Resource. Journal of Forestry 99:37–42. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.F. Dwyer. 2002. Compensatory Value of Urban Trees in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 194–199. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, R.E. Hoehn, J.T. Walton, and J. Bond. 2008a. A Ground-Based Method of Assessing Urban Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:347–358. Nowak, D.J., J.T. Walton, J.C. Stevens, D.E. Crane, and R.E. Hoehn. 2008b. Effect of Plot and Sample Size on Timing and Precision of Urban Forest Assessments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34: 386–390. Pandit, R., and D.N. Laband. 2010. A Hedonic Analysis of the Impact of Tree Shade on Summertime Residential Energy Consumption. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 36:73–80. Webster, B.L. 1978. Guide to Judging the Condition of a Shade Tree. Journal of Arboriculture 4:247–249. Welch, J.M. 1994. Street and Park Trees of Boston: A Comparison of Urban Forest Structure. Landscape and Urban Planning 29:131–143. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
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