Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(5): September 2011 vide some information about their public urban tree population; however, only seven communities provided data to potentially create a species ice storm susceptibility index. Incorporating co- efficients for tree size and tree defects, two known factors related to failure from ice storms, should further increase the predic- tive power of the model. Again, communities as a whole were unable to provide this data and the scope of the project did not allow the collection of such. Finally, tree maintenance activi- ties and type of pruning method used may affect susceptibility; however, clear support for this is lacking (Luley et al. 2002b). Bond (2005) and Escobedo et al. (2009) provided es- timates for debris removal costs for ice storms and hurri- canes. They reported values of $8.08/m3 for ice storms and $28.11/m3 for hurricanes. From their work, debris remov- al costs would range between approximately $1,174,000 to $4,083,000 for the mean debris volume from this study. Results from this study provide a method to rapidly and ac- curately estimate volumes of tree debris after an ice storm. Three different models were created and they vary in their ap- plication depending on community size and ice thickness. The models have greater likelihood to produce accurate results for regional areas than the smallest communities in this study. Application of study models will allow emergency manag- ers and urban foresters to develop predictions of ice storm de- bris volumes following ice storms. These models could also be used to develop potential debris volume estimates prior to storms as part of storm damage preparedness planning. Local data for per unit debris removal costs and time requirements to remove debris can be used in conjunction with model es- timates from this study to develop how much money and time is required to recover from ice storms of varying magnitude. Acknowledgments. This research was supported through funding and cooperation from the United States Forest Service Southern Region, the University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, and the Midwest Center for Ur- ban and Community Forestry. We thank all communities who supported the development of the ice storm debris estimation models through their generous contribution of data which made completion of this study much easier. We also thank the advice and suggestions of three anonymous reviewers with the refinement of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Barber, B. 2008. Debris estimate rises sharply. Tulsa World. Accessed 3/14/2011. Bloniarz, D.V., H.D.P. Ryan III, C.J. Luley, J. Bond, and D.C. Hawkins. 2001. An initial storm damage assessment protocol for urban and community forests. USDA Forest Service, Northeast Center for Ur- ban and Community Forestry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Accessed 3/14/2011. Bond, J. 2005. Final report 2003 storm damage protocol implementa- tion (OH–03–346). Accessed 3/14/2011. 20 pp. Bruederle, L.P., and F.W. Stearns. 1985. Ice storm damage to a southern mesic Wisconsin forest. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 112:167–175. Burban, L.L., and J.W. Andresen. 1994. Storms Over the Urban For- est: Planning, Responding, and Regreening – A Community Guide to Natural Disaster Relief. Miscellaneous Publication. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Area State & Private Forestry. Newtown Square, PA. 152 pp. 243 Call, D.A. 2010. Changes in ice storm impacts over time: 1886–2000. Weather, Climate and Society 2:23–35. Changnon, S.A. 2003. Characteristics of ice storms in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology 42:630–639. Changnon, S.A., and J.M. Changnon. 2002. Major ice storms in the Unit- ed States, 1949–2000. Environmental Hazards 4:105–111. Ciesla, W.M., W.R. Frament, and M. Miller-Weeks. 2001. Remote sens- ing techniques for rapid assessment of forest damage caused by cata- strophic climatic events. NA–TP–01–01. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State & Private Forestry. Newton Square, PA. 71 pp. Cullen, S. 2002. Trees and wind: wind scales and speeds. Journal of Ar- boriculture 28:237–242. De Steven, D., J. Kline, and P.E. Matthiae. 1991. Long-term changes in a Wisconsin Fagus-Acer forest in relation to a glaze storm disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:201–208. DeGaetano, A.T. 2000. Climatic perspectives and impacts of the 1998 northern New York and New England ice storm. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 81:237–254. Dillman, D.A. 2007. Mail and internet surveys: the tailored design meth- od second edition 2007 update with new internet, visual, and mixed- mode guide. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 523 pp. Escobedo, F., C. Luley, J. Bond, C. Staudhammer, C. Bartel. 2009. A hurricane debris and damage assessment for Florida urban forests. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:100–106. FEMA. 2007. Public assistance debris management guide. FEMA Publi- cation #325. Accessed 7/14/2010. Francis, J.K., and A.J.R. Gillespie. 1993. Relating gust wind speed to tree damage in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Journal of Arboriculture 19:368–373. Godschalk, A., E. Rose Mittler, K. Porter, and C.T. West. 2009. Esti- mating the value of foresight: aggregate analysis of natural hazard mitigation benefits and costs. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52:739–756. Greene, D.F., K.F., Jones, and O.J. Proulx. 2007. The effect of icing events on the death and regeneration of North American trees. In: E.A. Johnson and K. Miyanishi (Eds.). Plant Disturbance Ecology: The Process and the Response. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 181–213. Harshberger, J.W. 1904. The relation of ice storms to trees. Contribu- tions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania 2:45–349. Hauer, R.J., J.O. Dawson, and L.P. Werner. 2006. Trees and ice storms: The development of ice storm-resistant urban tree populations, Sec- ond Edition. Joint Publication 06-1, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and the Office of Continuing Education, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. 20 pp. Hauer, R.J., and G.R. Johnson. 2003. Tree risk management. In: J. Pokorny (Ed.). Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation. NA–TP–03–03. United States Depart- ment of Agriculture Forest Service. Newton Square, PA. pp. 5–10. Hauer, R.J., W. Wang, and J.O. Dawson. 1993. Ice storm damage to ur-1993. Ice storm damage to ur ban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 19:187–193. Heynen, N., and G. Lindsey. 2003. Correlations of urban forest canopy cover implications for local public works. Public Works Management & Policy 8:33–47. Hooper, M.C., K. Arii, and M.J. Lechowicz. 2001. Impact of a major ice storm on an old-growth hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 79:70–75. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
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