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Sloan, L.A. Valdez-Aguilar, and A.D. Cartmill. 2010. Planting depth during container production and landscape establishment affects growth of Ulmus parvifolia. HortScience 45:54–60. Eckstein, R., and E.F. Gilman. 2008. Evaluation of landscape tree sta- bilization systems. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(4):216–221. Fahn, A. 1990. Plant Anatomy, 4th edition. Butterworth Henemann, Bath, Great Britain. 588 pp. Fare, D.C. 2005. Should potting depth be a concern with container-grown trees? Proc. Trees and Planting: Getting the Roots Right Conference. Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. Nov. 10, 2005. Giblin, C.P, J.H. Gillman, D.L. Hanson, G.R. Johnson, and P.J. Weicherd- ing. 2005. The effects of soil depth on the long-term health and fre- quency of storm damage to trees in the Upper Midwest. Proc. Trees and Planting: Getting the Roots Right Conference. Morton Arbo- retum, Lisle, IL. Nov. 10, 2005:33–39. Retrieved March 18, 2011. Gilman, E.F, and C. Harchick. 2008. Planting depth in containers affects root form and tree quality. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26(3):129–134. Gutsell, S.L., and E.A. Johnson. 2002. Accurately ageing trees and ex- amining their height-growth rates: implications for interpreting forest dynamics. Journal of Ecology 90:153–166. Harrington, C.A., J.C. Brissette, and W.C. Carlson. 1989. Root system structure in planted and seeded loblolly and shortleaf pine. Forest Sci- ence 35(2):469–480. Johnson, G.R., and R.J. Hauer. 2000. A practitioner’s guide to stem gir- dling roots of trees: impacts on trees, symptomology, and preven- tion. University of Minnesota Extension Service, Saint Paul, MN. Retrieved March 18, 2011. Lyons, C.G., Jr., and K.S. Yoder. 1981. Poor anchorage of deeply planted peach trees. HortScience 16(1):48–49. Lyons, D.G., Jr., K.S. Yoder, and R.E. Byers. 1982. Poor anchorage and growth of spur ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees with deep crown roots. Scientia Horticulturae 18:45-47. Lyons, C.G., Jr., R.E. 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USDA National Agricultural Statistics Services. 2007. Nursery Crops 2006 Summary, September 2007. Sp Cr 6-3 (07). Retrieved Novem- ber 24, 2009. Watson, G.W., S. Clark, and K. Johnson. 1990. Formation of girdling roots. Journal of Arboriculture 16(8):197–202. Wells, C., K. Townsend, J. Caldwell, D. Ham, E.T. Smiley, and M. Sher- wood. 2006. Effects of planting depth on landscape tree survival and girdling root formation. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(6): 305–311. Young, E., and D.J. Werner. 1984. A nondestructive method for measur- ing shoot and root fresh weights. HortScience 19(4):554–555. Chad P. Giblin (corresponding author) University of Minnesota Department of Horticultural Science St. Paul, MN, U.S. Jeffrey H. Gillman University of Minnesota Department of Horticultural Science St. Paul, MN, U.S. Gary R. Johnson University of Minnesota Department of Forestry Resources St. Paul, MN, U.S. David Hanson University of Minnesota Department of Forestry Resources St. Paul, MN, U.S. Patrick J. Weicherding University of Minnesota Minnesota Extension Service St. Paul, MN, U.S. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
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