Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(6): November 2011 Table 2. Mean values for Nebraska and South Dakota, combined by provenance of the common 71 sources. Survival Diameter Provenance % 721 996 995 994 990` 991 720 757 993 992 N Mean Sign. 88.3a 88.2a 86.6a 84.8a 84.4a 83.0a 82.9a 80.6ab 76.3c 75.7c 4194 81.9 NS Provenance cm 721 990 994 720 996 992 757 993 991 995 15.7a 15.7a 15.0a 15.0ab 14.7ab 14.5ab 13.7b 13.5b 13.2b 13.2b 744 14.5 <1% with many of the same provenances as in this study had similar results. At ages of 5 and 10 years, the best were 721NE, 757NE, and 720NE. Both provenances 720NE and 721NE were among the tallest in our study. Ponderosa pine from this area should maintain height growth superiority when planted in the central Plains States. Evidently these sources contain genes endowing them with a broad range of site tolerances (Read 1983). Deneke and Read 1975 found that the height of young trees was inversely related to elevation. In general, sources from lower elevations grew faster as reported by others (Mirov et al. 1952; Callaham and Hasel 1961; Squillace and Silen 1962; and Hanover 1963). D2 H The trees with the greatest size were also found to have the greatest diameter and height, and prov- enances were significant at the 1% level (Table 2). Seed source (provenances) performance differed significantly (1% level) for all the tested variables. Although trees were not permanently marked, foregoing the opportunity to make addition- al collections from them, collections from geographic locations in the near vicinity would provide materials from better sources as evaluated by numerous ponderosa pine studies in the past. Other Characteristics Crook, sweep, form, and number of terminal buds were evaluated only for the South Dakota planta- tion and were not significantly different. Correlation Analysis There was no strong relationship between elevation, latitude, or longitude, and neither was there a relationship between survival and diameter, height or D2 H. Only D and H were significantly dif- ferent, as well as D2H and H. Read (1983) and Schafer and Baer (1985) have found a close relationship between juvenile-mature correlations. Superior sources may be found at a fairly early age. Read (1983) noted that two- and three-year-old seedlings from the NE-SD areas are among the tallest in his nursery study. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Fast-growing trees are desirable for windbreak establishment in the Great Plains. Ponderosa pine is often planted in homestead LITERATURE CITED Baer, N., and P. Collins. 1979. Ten-year performance of a ponderosa pine provenance study in eastern South Dakota. South Dakota State Univ. Agricultural Experiment Station. TB-52. 6 pp. Brookings. ND. Callaham, R.Z., and A.A. Hasel. 1961. Pinus ponderosa height growth of wind-pollinated progenies. Silvae Genetica 10(2):32–42. Critchfield, W.B., and E. Little, Jr. 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. USDA. Miscellaneous Publication 99. 97 pp. Deneke, F.J., and R.A. Read. 1975. Early survival and growth of ponder- osa pine provenances in East-Central Kansas. USDA Forest Service. Research Note RM-297. 4 pp. Flint, H.L. 1983. Landscape Plants for eastern North America. John Wiley & Sons. N.Y. 677 pp. Hamiliton, D.A., and G.E. Rehfeldt. 1994. Using individual tree growth projection models to estimate stand-level gains attributable to genetically improved stock. Forest Ecology and Management 68(2–3): 189–207. Height Provenance m 721 720 990 994 996 992 757 991 993 995 5.4a 5.2ab 5.1b 5.1b 5.1b 4.8bc 4.8c 4.8c 4.8c 4.7c 744 5.0 <1% D2 990 721 994 996 992 757 991 995 993 267 H (volume index) Provenance Volume 720 626ab 698a 750a 624ab 626a 600ab 519b 488b 42b 511b 744 575.0 <1% Table 3. Type 3 tests of effects on 15-year-old ponderosa pine provenances. Effect State Provenance State × provenance Family × provenance Pr > F 1 9 9 113 Diameter Height D2 0.0057 H <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.2079 0.5364 0.0452 0.0270 0.1084 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 and field plantings. Plains-wide studies conducted in the 1960s showed that provenances from south central South Dakota and north central Nebraska provided better planting material. The present study was conducted to further refine selection areas for ponderosa pine sources. Materials from 10 collection ar- eas (provenances) and 71 individual trees were planted at two Central Plains sites for evaluation. Within this relatively small area, analyses indicated that geographic provenances affected growth of 15-year-old ponderosa pine. The better sources came from eastern Nebraska, as shown in many previous studies. The five best collection zones were from the eastern part of Nebraska (720 - Ainsworth, 721 - Valentine, 990 - Springview, 994 - Bassett, and 996 – Sparks). Growth of the top 10 individ- ual tree sources varied within the two states. Most grew well. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
November 2011
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