Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(6): November 2011 (Abouziena et al. 2008). In related work, the study authors have recorded that trees growing in AFM and M soil had maintained higher pre-dawn water potentials during periods of intense drought (unpublished data), indicating that higher soil mois- ture translated directly into higher tree water status at this site. CONCLUSIONS A program of air tillage, prescription fertilization, and mulch improved a suite of physical and chemical properties in urban soils. Mulch was the most effective of the individual treatments, increasing soil organic matter and water content as effectively as the full AFM treatment and providing short-term decreases in soil strength. The specific benefits of the AFM treatment differed by site. In the field, practitioners should experiment with specific materials, techniques, and treatment frequencies to best address the needs of individual sites. Nonetheless, it is clear that a multi- pronged approach to soil remediation gives arborists an effective means to improve compacted soils beneath established urban trees. LITERATURE CITED Abouziena, H.F., O.M. Hafez, I.M. El-Metwally, S.D. Sharma, and M. Singh. 2008. Comparison of weed suppression and mandarin fruit yield and quality obtained with organic mulches, synthetic mulches, cultivation, and glyphosate. Hortscience 43:795–799. Alberty, C.A., H.M. Pellett, and D.H. Taylor. 1984. Characterization of Soil Compaction at Construction Sites and Woody Plant Response. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2:48–53. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, and D.L. Bryan. 2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipin- nata). Journal of Arboriculture 31:163–170. Cookson, W.R., D.V. Murphy, and M.M. Roper. 2008. Characterizing the relationships between soil organic matter components and microbial function and composition along a tillage disturbance gradient. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40:763–777. Daddow, R.L., and G.E. Warrington. 1983. Growth-limiting soil bulk densities as influenced by soil texture. Watershed Systems Develop- ment Group report. USDA Forest Service. Fort Collins, CO. pp. 1–17. Day, S.D., and N.L. Bassuk. 1994. A review of the effects of soil com- paction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20:9–16. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW. 2007. Using Compost Materials on Council Sporting Fields. ISBN 978 1 74122 391 0. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fraedrich, S.W., and D.L. Ham. 1982. Wood chip mulching around ma- ples: Effect on tree growth and soil characteristics. Journal of Arbo- riculture 8:85–89. Gal, A., T.J. Vyn, E. Micheli, E.J. Kladivko, and W.W. McFee. 2007. Soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation with long-term no-till versus moldboard plowing overestimated with tilled-zone sampling depths. Soil & Tillage Research 96:42–51. Gilman, E.F., T.H. Yeager, and D. Kent. 2000. Fertilizer rate and type impacts magnolia and oak growth in sandy landscape soil. Journal of Arboriculture 26:177–182. Greenly, K.M., and D.A. Rakow. 1995. The effect of wood mulch type and depth on weed and tree growth and certain soil parameters. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 21:225–232. 299 Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arboriculture Inte- grated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Janoo, B.V., A.J. Firicano, L.A. Barna, and S.A. Orchino. 1999. Field testing of stabilized soil. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering March: 37–53. Kalisz, P.J., J.W. Stringer, and R.J. Wells. 1994. Vertical mulching of trees: Effects on roots and water status. Journal of Arboriculture 20:141–145. La Scala, N., A. Lopes, K. Spokas, D. Bolonhezi, D.W. Archer, and D.C. Reicosky. 2008. Short-term temporal changes of soil carbon losses after tillage described by a first-order decay model. Soil Tillage and Research 99:108–118. Mirreh, H.F., and J.W. Ketcheson. 1972. Influence of bulk density and matric pressure to soil resistance penetration. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 52:477–483. Moore, K. Soil Lab Methods. 2010. Clemson University Agricultural Service Laboratory. Accessed 09/14/2010. Pabin, J., J. Lipiec, S. Wlodek, A. Biskupski, and A. Kaus. 1998. Critical soil bulk density and strength for pea seedling root growth as related to other soil factors. Soil and Tillage Research 46:203–208. Rolf, K. 1994. Soil compaction and loosening effects on soil physics and tree growth. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL. Singer, C.K., and C.A. Martin. 2008. Effect of landscape mulches on desert landscape microclimates. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:230–237. Smiley, E.T. 1994. The effects of soil aeration equipment on tree growth. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL. Smiley, E.T. 2001. Terravent: Soil fracture patterns and impact on bulk density. Journal of Arboriculture 27:326–329. Smiley, E.T., G.W. Watson, B.R. Fraedrich, and D.C. Booth. 1990. Eval- uation of soil aeration equipment. Journal of Arboriculture 16:118– 123. Smith, A.M., and D.A. Rakow. 1991. Strategies for reducing water input in woody landscapes. Journal of Arboriculture 18:165–170. Smith, E.M. 1978. Fertilizing trees and shrubs in the landscape. Journal of Arboriculture 4:157–161. Sojka, R.E., W.J. Busscher, and G.A. Lehrsch. 2001. In situ soil strength, bulk density and water content relationships of a durinodic xeric hap- localcid soil. Soil science 166:520–529. Struve, D.K. 2002. A review of shade tree nitrogen fertilization research in the united states. Journal of Arboriculture 28:252–261. Tan, K.H. 1996. Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. Waltz, C., S. Burnett, V. Quisenberry, and B. McCarty. 2000. Soil amend- ments affect compaction, soil strength. Golf Course Management 68:49–55. Watson, G.W. 2002. Soil replacement: Long-term results. Journal of Ar- boriculture 28:229–230. Watson, G.W. 1988. Organic mulch and grass competition influence tree root development. Journal of Arboriculture 14:200–203. Watson, G.W., P. Kelsey, and K. Woodtli. 1996. Replacing soil in the root zone of mature trees for better growth. Journal of Arboriculture 22:167–172. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
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