Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44(3): May 2018 agents. Although effective scale management pro- grams, such as removing scales by hand, pruning and destroying infested materials, treating with horticultural oils, and applying contact or systemic insecticides are likely the best way to control drippy blight disease (Turner and Buss 2005; Turner et al. 2005), studies to quantify the efficacy of control treatments are pertinent to maintaining red oaks in drippy-blight-diseased regions. If horticultural oils or insecticides are used to control drippy blight dis- ease, monitoring for the most susceptible life stage of A. galliformis is necessary to determine the proper timing of applications. The life history of A. gallifor- mis is similar to A. kingii (Hamon et al. 1976; Kosz- tarab 1996), but checking for A. galliformis egg hatch is pivotal to ensuring that the timing of application targets susceptible life stages (Turner et al. 2005). Drippy blight disease of red oaks is an emer- gent disease caused by the interaction between A. galliformis and Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina. In addition to a description of this new disease, this report documents a host range expansion of L. quercina subsp. quercina to north- ern red oak, Shumard oak, and pin oak, and extends the reported host range of A. gallifor- mis to include northern red and Shumard oaks. Acknowledgments. Funding for this project was provided by the Colorado State University Agricultural Experi- ment Station Project 618A, and the TREE Fund grant 15-JD-01. We thank Boulder City foresters Pat Bohin and Tom Read, as well as University of Col- orado arborist Vince Aquino for their help in locating and obtain- ing samples from diseased trees. Alison Hall and Erika Peirce provided laboratory help, and Emily Luna provided technical assistance. We thank the four expert scale insect taxonomists, Ian Stocks from Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, as well as Raymond Gill, Gillian Watson, and Natalia von Ellenrieder from the California Department of Agriculture, who were approached to provide identification of the Alloker- mes species associated with drippy blight disease. In addition, we are grateful for the comments from the editor and anonymous reviewers to improve this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Alexander, K. Personal communication. 04 May 2016. E-mail notes. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. Altschul, S.F., W. Gish, W. Miller, E.W. Myers, and D.J. Lipman. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215:403–410. Biosca, E.G., R. González, M.J. López-López, S. Soria, C. Montón, E. Pérez-Laorga, and M.M. López. 2003. Isolation and character- 151 ization of Brenneria quercina, causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of Quercus spp. in Spain. Phytopathology 9:485–492. Brady, C.L., I. Cleenwerck, S. Denman, S.N. Venter, P. Rodríguez- Palenzuela, T. Coutinho, and P. De Vos. 2012. Proposal to reclas- sify Brenneria quercina (Hildebrand and Schroth 1967) Hauben et al. 1999 into a new genus, Lonsdalea gen. nov., as Lonsdalea quercina comb. nov., descriptions of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina comb. nov., Lonsdalea quercina subsp. iberica subsp. nov. and Lonsdalea quercina subsp. britannica subsp. nov., emendation of the description of the genus Brenneria, reclas- sification of Dickeya dieffenbachiae as Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae comb. nov., and emendation of the description of Dickeya dadantii. International Journal of Systematic and Evo- lutionary Microbiology 62:1592–1602. Bullington, S., and M. Kosztarab. 1985. Revision of the family Ker- mesidae (Homoptera) in the Nearctic Region based on adult and third instar females. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Bulletin 85–11 pp. 118. Caballero, J.I., M.M. Zerillo, J. Snelling, W. Cranshaw, C. Boucher, and N. Tisserat. 2014. Genome sequences of strain ATCC 29281 and pin and northern red oak isolates of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina. Genome Announcement 2(3):e00584-14. Denman, S., C. Brady, S. Kirk, I. Cleenwerck, S. Venter, T. Coutin- ho, and P. De Vos. 2012. Brenneria goodwinii sp. nov., associ- ated with acute oak decline in the UK. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62(10):2451–2456. Gill, R.J. 1993. The scale insects of California. Analysis and Identi- fication Branch, Division of Plant Industry, California Depart- ment of Food and Agriculture. Hamon, A.B., P.L. Lambdin, and M. Kosztarab. 1976. Life history and morphology of Kermes kingii in Virginia. Virginia Polytech- nic Institute and State University Bulletin 111:1–31. Hildebrand, D.C., and M.N. Schroth. 1967. A new species of Er- winia causing the drippy nut disease of live oaks. Phytopathol- ogy 57:250–253. 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De- scription of nymphal instars and adult female of Kermes ver- milio Planchon (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae), with a synopsis of the European and Mediterranean species. Zootaxa 3336:36–50. Poza-Carrión, C., I. Aguilar, F.J. Gallego, Y. Nuñez-Moreno, E.G. Biosca, R. González, M.M. López, and P. Rodríguez-Palenzuela. 2008. Brenneria quercina and Serratia spp. isolated from Span- ish oak trees: Molecular characterization and development of PCR primers. Plant Pathology 57(2):308–319. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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