Journal of Arboriculture 31(4): July 2005 167 trimmers were used) and use of herbicides. Mulches can be effective weed suppressants; hence, under different weed control regimes, or with different soils, environmental conditions, mulch types, or irrigation regimes, responses to mulches may vary. Our results document the potentially damaging effects on tree growth and survival of planting even slightly below grade, particularly in combination with excess pine bark mulch applications. These adverse effects can persist for at least 3 years after transplanting and, in many cases, differen- tial responses became more pronounced over time. LITERATURE CITED Arnold, M.A. 2002. Landscape Plants for Texas and Environs (2nd ed.). Stipes Publishing, Champaign, IL. 1088 pp. Arnold, M.A., and G.V. McDonald. 2002. Planting depth and mulching depth: Do they matter? Southern Region American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 2–5 Feb. 2002, Orlando, FL. HortScience 37:1163–1164 (abstract). Ashworth, S., and H. Harrison. 1983. Evaluation of mulches for use in the home garden. HortScience 18:180–182. Ball, J. 1999. Plant health care CEU series part VI: Tree planting—The foundation of PHC. Arborist News 8(1):53–58. Broschat, T. 1995. Planting depth affects root growth and nutrient content of transplanted pygmy date palms. HortScience 30:1031–1032. Broschat, T.K., and A.W. Meerow. 2000. Ornamental Palm Horticulture. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 255 pp. Browne, C., and K. Tilt. 1992. Effects of planting depth on three ornamental trees. Proc. South. Nurserymen’s Res. Conf. 37:123–125. Carlson, C.R. 2002. Mulch, part 2: Go wide, not deep. Arborist News 11(1):35–40. Drilias, M.J., J.E. Kuntz, and G.I. Worf. 1982. Collar rot and basal canker of sugar maple. J. Arboric. 8:29–33. Duryea, M.L., R.J. English, and L.A. Hermansen. 1999. A comparison of landscape mulches: Chemical, allelopathic, and decomposition properties. J. Arboric. 25:88–97. Foshee, W.G. III., W.D. Goff, M.G. Patterson, K.M. Tilt, W.A. Dozler, L.S. Tucker, and J.S. Bannon. Organic mulches affect soil and leaf nutrient levels of young pecan trees. J. Arboric. 25:81–83. Gilman, E.F. 1997. Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY. 662 pp. Gilman, E.F., and J. Grabosky. 2004. Mulch and planting depth affect live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) establishment. J. Arboric. 30:311–317. Green, T.L., and G.W. Watson. 1989. Effects of turfgrass and mulch on the establishment and growth of bare-root sugar maples. J. Arboric. 15:268–272. Greenly, K.M., and D.A. Rakow. 1995. The effect of wood mulch type and depth on weed and tree growth and certain soil parameters. J. Arboric. 21:225–232. McPherson, E.G., L.R. Costello, and D.W. Burger. 2001. Space wars: Can trees win the battle with infrastructure? Arborist News 10(3):21–24. Montague, T., and R. Kjelgren. 2004. Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species. Scientia Hortic. 100:229–249. Pirone, P.P., J.R. Hartman, M.A. Sall, and T.P. Pirone. 1988. Tree Maintenance (6th ed.). Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 514 pp. Stinson, J.M., G.H. Brinen, D.B. McConnell, and R.J. Black. 1990. Evaluation of landscape mulches. Proc. Flor. State Hortic. Soc. 103:372–377. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelick. 1997. Principles and Practice of Planting Trees and Shrubs. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 199 pp. Zajicek, J.M., and J.L. Heilman. 1991. Transpiration by crape myrtle cultivars surrounded by mulch, soil, and turfgrass surfaces. HortScience 26:1207–1210. Acknowledgments. This project was funded in part by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and grants from the TREE Fund, the J. Frank Schmidt Family Charitable Foundation, and Texas Orna- mental Enhancement Endowment. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the author, the Texas A&M University, or the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable. 1*Professor of Landscape Horticulture 2 Research Associate and Ph.D. Candidate 3Graduate Research/Teaching Assistant and Ph.D. Student Texas A&M University Department of Horticultural Sciences M.S. 2133 College Station, TX 77843-2133, U.S. * Corresponding author (
[email protected]). ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2005
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