ARBORICULTURE ARBORICULTU URBAN FORESTRY Volume 31, Issue 4, July 2005 & CONTENTS Formerly the Journal of Arboriculture, 1975 – 2005 (Volumes 1 – 31) www.isa-arbor.com Scott Cullen TREE APPRAISAL: CHRONOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRY GUIDANCE .........................................157 Abstract. Various individual tree appraisal methods emerged during the first half of the 20th century. Development of North American industry consensus methods was undertaken in 1947. These methods have been refined and elaborated, and additional guidance has been provided in su sequent revisions. Appraisers and appraisal users, however, are not always aware of the most current methods and guidance and may, unkno ingly, rely on outdated versions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an accurate and quick reference to the chronology of North American industry- wide consensus methods and guidance for tree and plant appraisal. The differences among methods, guidance, and standards are also explained. Key Words. Appraisal; Appraisal Guides; Tree appraisal; Valuation. Michael A. Arnold, Garry V. McDonald, and Donita L. Bryan PLANTING DEPTH AND MULCH THICKNESS AFFECT ESTABLISHMENT OF GREEN ASH (FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA) AND BOUGAINVILLEA GOLDENRAINTREE (KOELREUTERIA BIPINNATA) ......................................................163 Abstract. Most available information on the effects of planting depths for trees is anecdotal. Testing of interactions with other important cul- tural practices implemented during landscape establishment is lacking. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica H. Marshall), a hypoxia-tolerant spe- cies, and bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipinnata A.R. Franchet), a hypoxiaintolerant species, were grown from seed in 2.3 L (#1) co tainers, which were later transplanted to 9.3 L (#3) black plastic containers and grown to a marketable size. Root collars of the plants were maintained level with the surface of the substrate. Green ash (1 May 2001) and bougainvillea goldenraintrees (27 April 2001) were transplanted to clay soil field plots with the root collars at 7.6 cm (3 in.) above soil grade, at grade, or 7.6 cm (3 in.) below grade. Planting depths for each species were in factorial combinations with 0, 7.6, 15.2, or 22.9 cm (0, 3, 6, or 9 in.), respectively, of pine bark mulch covering 0.74 m2 (8 ſt2 ) of soil beneath each tree. Aſter 2 years, survival of bougainvillea goldenraintrees planted below grade was one-third that of those planted at or above grade. Survival and trunk diameter responses interacted with planting depth and mulch thickness for green ash. Planting below grade in combination with mulching reduced survival of green ash 25% to 50% aſter 3 years. Mulch applications reduced trunk diameters of green ash trees planted at or above grade. Mean soil water potentials were less negative with 7.6 cm (3 in.) of mulch (–5.8 kPa) compared to bare soil (–9.1 kPa), but increasing the mulch thickness to 22.9 cm (9 in.) inhibited penetration of irrigation water/rainfall (–16.2 kPa). These data suggest that planting with the root collar at or above grade enhances survival and growth potential of green ash and bougainvillea goldenrain- tree relative to planting below grade and that mulch applications should be only at thin layers sufficient to inhibit weeds. Bougainvillea gold- enraintrees were more susceptible to the adverse effects of below-grade installation and excess mulch applications than were green ash trees. Key Words. Fraxinus pennsylvanica; Hypoxia; Koelreuteria bipinnata; Pine Bark Mulch; Planting Depth; Transplant Establishment; Tree Plant- ing. D.R. Hodel, D.R. Pittenger, and A.J. Downer PALM ROOT GROWTH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPLANTING ................................................................171 Abstract. Palms need active root and shoot growth to establish quickly aſter transplanting. For many palm species, roots grow most abu dantly during warmer months and occur within 30 cm (12 in.) of the trunk. Thus, palms can be transplanted year-round in warm regions where air and soil temperatures are nearly always sufficient to ensure adequate root and shoot growth. However, in regions with cool se sons, palms are best transplanted at the beginning of the warm season. For most species, root balls with a 30 cm (12 in.) radius from the trunk and 30 cm (12 in.) deep are adequate because they capture over half the roots. The few species that must grow nearly all their new roots from the trunk aſter transplanting need a root ball only large enough to protect the root initiation zone, about 15 cm (6 in.) out from the trunk. Species that grow about 30% or more of their roots below 30 cm (12 in.) deep would probably benefit from a deeper root ball, about 60 cm (24 in.) deep. Key Words. Palms; Transplanting; Time of Year; Root ball Size; Root Growth; Root Initiation Zone. ©2005 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
July 2005
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