196 Celestian and Martin: Parking Lot Location Effects on Trees April. Though Argentine mesquite trees in the landscaped medians in April had lower leaf chlorophyll levels than did trees in the landscaped perimeter areas, this did not appear to have any significant negative effect on carbon assimila- tion. As a result, the comparative size reduction of Argen- tine mesquite height and dbh between the two parking lot locations was only 15% and 22%, respectively. Arborists and landscape professionals normally prune trees in commercial parking lots to prevent tree obstruction of vehicles by raising the crown base height. This type of pruning activity might inadvertently reduce tree canopy diameter. Therefore, relative comparisons of dbh may be a better indicator than canopy diameter for evaluating the suitability of different tree species for use as shade or ornamental trees in commercial parking lot medians, even though many municipalities have ordinances that stipulate 50% shading coverage of total paved area within 15 years after development (Maco and McPherson 2002). Size and physiology of Argentine mesquite, a partially deciduous tree from arid regions of south central South America, was the least affected by parking lot location. Overall, parking lot location had no significant effect on mesquite gas exchange. Otherwise, mesquite leaf A was lowest in August, while leaf gs and Ci/Ca were lowest in CONCLUSION These data suggests that Argentine mesquite is the superior of the four landscape trees studied for use in commercial parking lot landscapes in the desert southwest, because size and physiological function were least affected by parking lot location. Landscape designers and planners in cities of the desert southwest should consider the use of Argentine mesquite in commercial parking lot landscapes because these trees were able to maintain relatively larger size and an aesthetically pleasing appearance even when planted in narrow landscaped medians surrounded by asphalt sur- faces. Conversely, we recommend landscape designers and planners limit use of Arizona ash, Australian bottle tree, and Chinese elm in commercial parking lots to only larger landscaped perimeter areas because the performance of these tree species was more adversely affected by location in narrow landscaped medians asphalt than mesquite. LITERATURE CITED Adam, M.L., J.M. Kelly, W.R. Graves, and P. Dixon. 2003. Net nitrate uptake by Acer rubrum is a function of root-zone temperature. J. Plant Nutr. 26:202–222. Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidae in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1–15. Beatty, R.A. 1989. Planting guidelines for heat island mitigation and energy conservation, pp. 333–344. In ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture Garbesi, K., H. Akbari, and P. Martien (Eds.). Controlling Summer Heat Islands. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Celestian, S.B., and C.A. Martin. 2004. Rhizosphere, surface, and air temperature patterns at parking lots in Phoenix, Arizona. J. Arboric. 30:245–251. Foster, W.J., D.L. Ingram, and T.A. Nell. 1991. Photosynthesis and root respiration in Ilex crenata ‘Rotundifolia’ at supraoptimal root-zone temperatures. HortScience 26:535–537. Grabosky, J., and E. Gilman. 2004. Measurement and prediction of tree growth reduction from tree planting space design in established parking lots. J. Arboric. 30:154–164. Graves, W.R. 1994. Urban root-zone temperatures and their potential impact on trees. J. Arboric. 20:24–27. Kjelgren, R., and J.R. Clark. 1992. Microclimates and tree growth in three urban spaces. J. Environ. Hortic. 10:139–145. Kjelgren, R., and T. Montague.1998. Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfaces. Atmos. Environ. 32:35–41. Maco, S.E., and E.G. McPherson. 2002. Assessing canopy cover over streets and sidewalks in street tree populations. J. Arboric. 28:270–276. Martin, C.A., and L.B. Stabler. 2002. Plant gas exchange and water status in urban desert landscapes. J. Arid Environ. 51:235–254. Martin, C.A., D.L. Ingram, and T.A. Nell. 1989. Supraoptimal root-zone temperature alters growth and photosynthesis of holly and elm. J. Arboric. 15:272–276. Martin C.A., J.C. Stutz, B.A. Kimball, S.B. Idso, and D.H. Akey. 1995. Growth and topological changes of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. ‘Eureka’ in response to high temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 120:1025–1031. McPherson, E.G. 2001. Sacramento’s parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance. Landsc. Urban Plann. 57:105–123. Milliken, G.A., and D.E. Johnson. 1984. Analysis of Messy Data, Vol. 1: Designed Experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. 473 pp. Mott, K.A. 1988. Do stomata respond to CO2 concentrations other than intracellular? Plant Physiol. 86:200–203. Ruter, J.M., and D.L. Ingram. 1991. Root respiration characteristics of ‘Rotundifolia’ holly under supraoptimal temperatures. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 116:560–564. Scott, K.I., J.R. Simpson, and E.G. McPherson. 1999. Effects of tree cover on parking lot microclimate and vehicle emissions. J. Arboric. 25:129–142.
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