158 Cullen: Chronology of North American Industry Appraisal Guidance into the evolution of methods and guidance. This paper relies on review of the nine published versions rather than inconsistent secondary source references. A brief history is provided as additional background. Appraisers and appraisal users and commentators may be unclear on the differences among methods, guidance, and standards. Another secondary purpose of this paper is to briefly explain these differences and to define consensus. A BRIEF HISTORY The appraisal or valuation of amenity, landscape, ornamen- tal, or shade trees has been considered in the North American literature since the early 1900s (e.g., Solotaroff 1911, p. 145; Roth 1916, p. 98; Stone 1916; Pack 1922, pp. 231–239; Roth 1925/26). Various individuals developed or compiled methods over the years (e.g., Felt 1938, pp. 36– 38; Felt 1942, pp. 76–82; McMichael 1951, pp. 383–389; Spicer 1969). The tree care industry started to address the idea of a sound consensus method in 1947 at the 23rd National Shade Tree Conference (Armstrong 1947). At that time, a joint committee of the National Shade Tree Confer- ence (now called the International Society of Arboriculture) and the National Arborist Association (now called the Tree Care Industry Association) was formed to devise a shade tree valuation method. Their initial work was presented in basic form in 1951 at the 27th National Shade Tree Confer- ence (NSTC/NAA 1957; Tilford 1965; Lewis 1970). After additional work, the first industry consensus method was published in 1957 (NSTC/NAA 1957; Tilford 1965; Lewis 1970). Subsequently, methods have been added, refined, and elaborated, and additional guidance has been provided in various revisions. Experience has always led to sugges- tions for such improvement (e.g., Kielbaso 1971, 1975, 1979; Chadwick 1975; Rey-Lescure 1985; Tate 1989). The American Society of Consulting Arborists and the American Association of Nurserymen (now called the American Nursery and Land- scape Association) joined the effort in 1973 (Neely 1975, pp. 1–2). The scope of guidance was broadened in a 1975 revision to include other plants in addition to trees (Neely 1975, p. 1). The Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (CTLA) was established in 1975 (Davis 1983; CTLA 1992, p. v), effectively making this a “green” rather than tree industry effort (CTLA 1986, p. 2). As shown in Table 1, CTLA has continued to expand its constituency (CTLA 2000a, p. xiii). Nine versions of industry consensus guidance have been published from 1957 to 2000 (Table 2). CTLA is preparing a 10th edition (Ingram 2004). Separate, supplemental guidance has also ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture been published from time to time (Table 3). Over the years, various regional industry groups, now known as Regional Plant Appraisal Committees (CTLA 2000, pp. 58-60), have published supplemental regional guidance which is beyond the scope of this paper. METHODS, GUIDANCE, AND STANDARDS Methods, guidance, and standards can be characterized and distinguished in a number of ways: • by their content, • by who develops them, and • by their authority or strength. Methods An appraisal method is a “specific process or way to estimate value” or to “develop an opinion of value” and may include various steps, procedures, or techniques (Appraisal Standards Board 2003; IVSC 2005, GN5 §3.21-22). Ap- praisal methods usually involve specific calculations. Methods may be developed by individuals (e.g., Felt 1942; Helliwell 1967; Raad 1976; Flook 1996; Thyer 1999; Helliwell 2003), single organizations (e.g., AEPJP 1999), or by broader consensus (e.g., NSTC/NAA 1957; VVOG 1979; Randrup et al. 2003). Methods do not have authority in and of themselves but may gain authority by force of law or agreement, by general acceptance, or by inclusion in a standard. Guidance Guidance may be simply a statement of method(s) (e.g., Helliwell 2003), separate explanation or advice (e.g., CTLA 1986), or a combination of both (e.g., CTLA 2000a). Guidance also may be developed by individuals, by single Table 1. Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (CTLA). Constituent organization American Nursery and Landscape Association (ANLA) formerly American Association of Nurserymen (AAN) American Society of Consulting Arborists (ASCA) International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) formerly International Shade Tree Conference (ISTC) formerly National Shade Tree Conference (NSTC) Professional Landcare Network (PLANET) formerly Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) formerly National Arborist Association (NAA) Association of Consulting Foresters of America (ACF) American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) z y (CTLA 1992, p. v). (PLANET 2005). x ALCA changed its name effective 1/1/05 following merger with another organization (CTLA 2000a, p. xiii). 1975z, y 1975z 1996x 1997x Year joined 1975z 1975z 1975z
July 2005
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Ai generated response may be inaccurate.
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success.
Downloading PDF
Generating your PDF, please wait...
This process might take longer please wait
