196 Hilbert et al: Urban Tree Mortality: A Literature Review Appendix Table 3. Statistically significant factors associated with mortality. Results from cohort monitoring studies (C), repeated inventories (RI), and other study designs (O) that qualitatively examined associated factors. Time period t is years since planting. Factors followed by (+) had a positive correlation with survival. Factors followed by (–) had a negative correlation with survival. Factors followed by (/) were examined, but a nonsignificant relationship with survival was observed. Factors followed by (varies) had a more complex relationship (e.g., mortality differences for three or more species). Citation Gilbertson and Bradshaw (1985)O Hickman et al. (1995)RI Nowak (1986)RI Location (City and state) England, multiple communities Lodi, CA Syracuse, NY Sample type(s) Time t (yrs) and sample size (no ) N/A (10,000) Park trees (695) N/A “newly planted” 7 Street trees (1454) 7 Biophysical – Decline (–), trunk vigor (+), lean (–); higher risk rating for soil (/), wind (/), root (/), and butt (/) Human – Irrigation frequency (/) Biophysical – Total sample: Acer saccharum (–), Acer platanoides (+), strip width (/) Human – Total sample: curbing (/), type of utility wires (/), adjacent land use (/) Syracuse and Street trees (1160) 9 Biophysical – Total sample: crown closure on 3 sides (+); Acer platanoides: decline class 1.0 (+), class 2-5 (–) Human – All maples: pruning (–); Acer platanoides: 1976 ground disturbance (–) Nowak et al. (1990)C Miller and Miller (1991)C Oakland/ Berkeley, CA WI Milwaukee, redeveloped Milwaukee, not redeveloped Stevens Point Waukesha Hauer et al. (1994)RI Milwaukee, WI damage Duryea et al. (1996)O Trees on streets and in yards after storm (18,200) Nowak et al. (2004)RI Baltimore, MD Trees within various land use classes (1396) N/A Biophysical – Taxa (varies), nativity (+), size within species group (varies) Human – Pruning (varies) 2 Biophysical – Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, Cornus florida, Acer negudo (–), dbh class of 0-7.6 cm (–) and 30.6-45.7 cm (+), tree condition of poor, critical, or dying (–), tree condition of excellent (–) Human – Transportation (–), low-med. residential (+) ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture Street trees (311) (692) (368) (677) Construction damage (432) No construction Street trees (413) 4-6 4-6 4-9 4 10 Human – Construction (–) Street trees (480) 2 Human – Apartments (–), public greenspace (–), single family residence (+), subway station (+), unemployment rate (–) Biophysical – Taxa (varied), planted in fall season (+) (Waukesha only) Human – Redeveloped area (–) vs. non-redeveloped area (+) Human – Larger town size (–), new town (+) Significant factors
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