Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(5): September 2019 229 Quercus colchica, Ulmus glabra, and Zelkova carpin- ifolia (Table 3). Figure 3. Dendrogram illustrating the site match between the natural and urban sites. soil with sandy loam as the dominant texture (Table 4). It proved possible to excavate to 50 cm (19.5 in) depth in all sample pits, indicating no shallow soil profiles. A total of 44 woody species were found in the for- est reserve systems with a random distribution throughout the five study sites. Acer campestre and Carpinus betulus (syn. C. caucasica) were found at four sites (Table 3). On analyzing the structural distri- bution of the species, it was possible to detect pioneer species in the upper canopy layer (UCL) where they are exposed to an effective transpiration. This is intensified at the warmer sites of Akhmeta and Mtskheta. Species that were mainly found in the UCL in these two forest reserves, and thus experience a much more intensely negative net water situation over the year, are Celtis caucasica, Carpinus betulus, Table 4. Soil type determination in studied forest reserves. Study site Akhmeta Soil type Cinnamonic (Cambisols cromic) Bakuriani Kutaisi Mtskheta Oni 1 Leptosols Alluvial (Fluvisols) Species present in all layers, i.e., UCL, LCL, and SL, indicate a more late successional strategy with a pronounced tolerance for shaded conditions. At warmer and drier sites, where the differences between exposed conditions and the protected microclimate beneath the tree canopy is much more distinct, the number of species present in all layers in the forest reserves studied was found to be limited, with the one exception of Carpinus orientalis in Mtskheta. In cooler and moister forest systems, such as Oni and Bakuriani, the number of late successional species within all structural levels is higher and includes spe- cies such as Abies nordmanniana, Fagus orientalis, Picea orientalis, and Tilia begoniifolia (Table 3). DISCUSSION There is an urgent need to introduce a larger diversity of trees in urban areas due to current and future threats of diseases and/or insect attacks to urban tree populations, and thus using rare or non-traditional trees in modern cities is inevitable. However, there is an unwilling- ness among tree planners and landscape architects to take the risk associated with using non-traditional plant material due to lack of experience of novel spe- cies and limited information on their tolerance to dif- ferent urban planting sites. Another limitation is the availability of suitable genetic material of tree species in nurseries (Sydnor et al. 2010). Moreover, it is unclear whether tree species available e.g., at a Ger- man nursery would be suitable for e.g., Stockholm Description1 Sandy loam, weakly alkaline or neutral reaction, moderate content of humus, deep penetration of humus Loamy clay, acid and weakly acid reaction, high content of humus, deep penetration of humus Loamy clay, weakly alkaline or neutral reaction, moderate content of humus, deep penetration of humus Cinnamonic (Cambisols chromic) Sandy loam, weakly alkaline or neutral reaction, moderate content of humus, deep penetration of humus Leptosols Loamy clay, acid and weakly acid reaction, high content of humus, deep penetration of humus Based on Urushadze and Ghambashidze 2013 and Urushadze et al. 2016. ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2019
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