Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(5): September 2019 Table 2. (continued) Genus Quercus 159 Top pest group Defoliators and stem/ leaf gallers Species in top category Defoliators: orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (3); pink-striped oakworm, Anisota virginiensis; spring cankerworm, Paleacrata vernata; fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria; yellownecked cater- pillar, Datana ministra Stem/Leaf gallers: horned oak gall, Calli- rhytis cornigera (3); gouty oak gall, Calli- rhytis quercuspunctata (3); jumping oak gall, Neuroterus saltatorius; oak apple gall. Ulmus Defoliators Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (4). Species listed as important from other categories Lecanium scale, Parthenolecanium spp. (5); oak lecanium scale, Parthenolecanium quercifex; obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura; oak erriococcid, Eriococcus quercus; Kermes scale, Allokermes kingii; twig girdler, Oncideres cingulata; oak leaf itch mite, Pyemotes herfsi; flatheaded appletree borer, Chrysobothris femorata; two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus. Native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rupes; smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus; banded elm bark beetle, S. schevyrewi; Japanese maple scale, Lopholeucaspis japonica; calico scale, Eulecanium cerasorum; Parthenolecanium spp.; elm cocks comb gall, Colopha ulmicola; elm sack gall, Tetraneura ulmi; plant hoppers. Zelkova Bark suckers & Borers Bark suckers: Japanese maple scale, Lopho- leucaspis japonica (2); calico scale, Eule- canium cerasorum (2). Borers: native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rupes (1); smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistri- atus (1); ambrosia beetles (1). trees may have slowed growth, sparse canopies, and dead branches. Over 100 years ago, Metcalf identi- fied gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) as the most important shade tree pest in North Carolina (Metcalf 1912; Metcalf 1922). Scale insects (family not specified) remained important pests in 1980, ranked third in importance in the Southern U.S.A. and 2nd nationally (Kielbaso and Kennedy 1983). A survey in 1986 found scales ranked fifth in the South behind two caterpillar species, aphids, and borers. Scales were also among the top pests in two surveys of urban landscapes (not only trees) (Holmes and Davidson 1984; Raupp and Noland 1984) and trees in the North Central U.S.A. (Nielsen et al. 1985; Kiel- baso and Kennedy 1983). In most assessments, scales have ranked in the top five pests of trees. Currently, bark feeding scales are especially important pests of Acer spp. Gloomy scale was the most frequently listed species. Eight other armored and soft scale species were also identified as important. Bark sucker scales ranked second on Liri- odendron spp. and included just one species: Tuliptree scale (Toumeyella liriodendri). This is in contrast with Quercus spp. on which bark suckers ranked fourth behind defoliators, gallers, and leaf suckers, but with a higher mean rating (1.73) than Lirioden- dron spp., and with five scale taxa listed as important by respondents. Comparing results for Quercus spp. and Liriodendron spp. highlights that a pest, like scales, can rank highly on a tree taxa with few pests, like Liriodendron spp., whereas scales rank lower on Quercus spp. but are more diverse and considered more important. This survey captured a new pest, crape myrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae), which is in the process of spreading across the South. Respon- dents from areas already invaded by crape myrtle bark scale identified bark suckers as most important, but respondents in uninvaded areas identified leaf suckers, of which crape myrtle aphid (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani) is the only species, as most import- ant. Crape myrtle bark scale is a more damaging pest than crape myrtle aphid and more difficult to manage. A survey conducted several years from now would ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2019
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