©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(1): January 2023 3 pressurized systems used to assist in the uptake of products, including propiconazole (Propizol®; Arborjet, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA), through shallowly drilled holes have effectively prevented (or have had thera- peutic effects against) oak wilt disease in live oak (Quercus virginiana)(Appel and Kurdyla 1992; Wil- son and Lester 1996), various Quercus sp. in both the red- and white-oak groups (Eggers et al. 2005), and northern red oak (Q. rubra)(Ward et al. 2004; Blae- dow 2009), and have prevented LWD in redbay (Mayfield et al. 2008a). The delivery systems of prod- ucts and the terminology used to describe such tech- nology varies. Here we present findings based on the use of the TREE I.V. Micro-InfusionTM (Arborjet, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA), where micro-infusion refers to the application of a diluted product (and larger total vol- ume of solution) under low pressure (35 PSI [241 kPa]) in delivery sites spaced 7.6 to 10.2 cm apart; and the use of the QUIK-jet® Micro-InjectionTM system, which requires the applicator to manually inject the undi- luted product (relatively small volumes) to delivery sites spaced 7.6 to 10.2 cm apart. One major differ- ence between the 2 systems is the application time. The depth of delivery holes is insufficient in either case to accept the total volume of product applied; in both cases, the surrounding xylem tissue absorbs the product. Thus, trees will require more time to absorb and translocate the larger volume of solution applied using the TREE I.V. Micro-InfusionTM system. The micro-infusion method in some cases requires multiple hours per tree, depending on factors such as time of day and health of the tree, while the delivery of undi- luted product using the QUIK-jet® Micro-InjectionTM system can be completed in minutes. This micro- injection system has been effectively used to deliver both propiconazole as well as the insecticide ema- mectin benzoate as a preventive and therapeutic treat- ment of California sycamore (Platanus racemosa Nutt.) prior to or following attack by an invasive ambrosia beetle and its associated pathogenic, symbiotic fungi (Grosman et al. 2019). Although the micro- injection system affords for more rapid application, it may not be more efficacious in delivering the product throughout the tree. Propiconazole offers effective prevention of Dutch elm disease in Ulmus sp. when using infusion methods, but it may be less efficacious when using micro-injection techniques (Haugen and Stennes 1999; Stipes 2017). Stipes (2017) contends that in treating elms for Dutch elm disease, the larger volume of diluted propiconazole delivered using an tyloses and gel formation in response to infection (Inch and Ploetz 2011; Inch et al. 2012). Laurel wilt occurs across the southeastern USA, extending from Virginia west to Kentucky, south to Arkansas and Texas, and east to Florida. Mortality has been reported in multiple Lauraceae hosts occurring in North America, including Persea palustris (swamp bay)(Fraedrich et al. 2008; Olatinwo et al. 2019); Litsea aestivalis L. ‘Fern’ (pondspice)(Hughes et al. 2011); Lindera benzoin L. ‘Blume’ (spicebush) (Fraedrich et al. 2016; Olatinwo et al. 2021); Sassa- fras albidum Nutt. (sassafras)(Smith et al. 2009; Riggins et al. 2011; Bates et al. 2013; Cameron et al. 2015; Fraedrich et al. 2015; Mayfield et al. 2019); Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree)(Smith et al. 2009); and the economically important Persea amer- icana Mill (avocado)(Mayfield et al. 2008b; Ploetz et al. 2017). Sassafras is a desirable native horticultural and urban tree, being tolerant of poor soils and having a restricted growth form and outstanding fall colors. It is widely distributed across the eastern USA, occur- ring from Maine to Michigan and Texas to Florida (Griggs 1990), and is most abundant in the Ozark regions of Missouri and Arkansas, the Ohio River Valley, and the Appalachian Mountains (Randolph 2017). Monitoring studies where LWD is established have found mortality rates among sassafras popula- tions approaching 80% (Cameron et al. 2015), and surveillance of sassafras in Louisiana where LWD is present has indicated similar rates of mortality (authors unpublished). Formby et al. (2017) predicted that 48% of the US sassafras population will not experi- ence sufficient cold to restrict LWD. Thus, it is expected that urban areas and forests with high sassa- fras abundance will experience significant rates of mortality. The removal of sassafras from forests will also be a significant economic, ecological, and cul- tural loss. Sassafras has some commercial value in southern forests (Forest Products Laboratory 1999), is a host plant of multiple native pollinator larvae (Randolph 2017), and provides forage for wildlife (Griggs 1990; Immel 2016). Sassafras also has a unique cultural history and value, as Native Ameri- cans and early settlers sought it out for its medicinal properties and as a food additive (Immel 2016). Trunk injection and infusion systems are a rela- tively safe and effective means of delivering systemic pesticides for therapeutic and preventive treatments while significantly reducing nontarget risks. Simple,
January 2023
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