Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(5): September 2020 343 Figure 5. Crown fade of western white pines in experiment 3 at the final evaluation period. Fade categories were the same as in the previous experiments and consisted of green crown (live), fading (stressed or dying), and faded (dead). TREE-äge and propiconazole (EB/PPZ) or verbenone/green leaf volatile (EB/V/GLV) were applied on 11 June 2013; the final crown evaluations were made on 21 October 2015, where no more than 20% of the treated trees failed compared to 100% of the controls, meeting the requirements for efficacy as defined by Shea et al. (1984). 2014, and October 2015), differences were highly significant among controls, TREE-äge plus PPZ, or V/GLV (P = 1.83E-07, 8.67E-08, and 1.99E-06, respec- tively). Comparisons of the TREE-äge treatments with PPZ or V/GLV, however, were not statistically different for each of the three evaluation periods (P = 0.5000, 0.2368, and 0.2090, respectively). Treatments using TREE-äge with the systemic fungicide propi- conazole or with an anti-aggregation semiochemical satisfied the requirements for efficacy used in this study (Table 5, Figure 5). LITERATURE CITED Basham HG. 1970. Wilt of loblolly pine inoculated with blue-stain fungi of the genus Ceratocystis. Phytopathology. 60:750-754. Bentz BJ. 2006. Mountain pine beetle population sampling: infer- ences from Lindgren pheromone traps and tree emergence cages. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 36(2):351-360. Burns RM, Honkala BH. 1990. Volume 1: conifers. Silvics of North America. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington (DC, USA): US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 675 p. Fettig CJ, Allen KK, Borys RR, Christopherson J, Dabney CP, Eager TJ, Gibson KE, Hebertson EG, Long DF, Munson AS, Shea PJ, Smith SL, Haverty MI. 2006. Effectiveness of bifenthrin (Onyx) and carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting individual, high-value conifers from bark beetle attack (Cole- optera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the western United States. Journal of Economic Entomology. 99:1691-1698. Fettig CJ, McKelvey SR, Borys RR, Dabney CP, Hamud SM, Nelson LJ, Seybold SJ. 2009. Efficacy of verbenone for pro- tecting ponderosa pine stands from western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) attack in California. Journal of Economic Entomology. 102:1846-1858. Franceschi VR, Krokene P, Christiansen E, Krekling T. 2005. Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark beetles and other pests. New Phytologist. 167:353-376. Furniss RL, Carolin VM. 1977. Western forest insects. Washington (DC, USA): US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339. 654 p. Gillette NE, Kegley SJ, Costello SL, Mori SR, Webster JN, Mehmel CJ, Wood DL. 2014. Efficacy of verbenone and green leaf volatiles for protecting whitebark and limber pines from attack by mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Environmental Entomology. 43:1019-1026. Grosman DM, Clarke SR, Upton WW. 2009. Efficacy of two systemic insecticides injected into loblolly pine for protection against southern pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 102:1062-1069. Grosman DM, Fettig CJ, Jorgensen CL, Munson AS. 2010. Effi- cacy of two systemic insecticides for protection of western conifers against Dendroctonus bark beetles (Coleoptera: Cur- culionidae, Scolytinae). Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 25:181-185. Grosman DM, Upton WW. 2006. Efficacy of systemic insecticides for protection of loblolly pine against southern pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 99:94-101. ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
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