352 Olson et al: Neonicotinoid Applications for Emerald Ash Borer Suppression label rates had significantly lower EAB phloem con- sumption relative to the untreated controls, but there were no differences among treated trees (Table 3). DISCUSSION Systemic neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid and dinotefuran, have been used extensively in agricul- tural settings since the 1990s (Elbert et al. 2008; Jeschke and Nauen 2008) and have also been employed against tree pests (Ahern et al. 2005; Cowles 2009; Faulkenberry et al. 2012), including the emerald ash borer (Herms et al. 2009; Smitley et al. 2015). How- ever, neonicotinoid use is facing public and regulatory scrutiny with concerns over pollinator conservation (Godfray et al. 2014; Karahan et al. 2015; Stanley et al. 2015), human toxicity (Cimino et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018; and references therein), and environmen- tal contamination (Morrissey et al. 2015; Wood and Goulson 2017; Hladik et al. 2018) stemming from potential misuse and overuse in both agricultural sys- tems and urban landscape care. Given their utility in managing landscape and agricultural pests, prudent stewardship of these useful insecticides is essential, and understanding the chemicals’ behavior within plant tissues is key to this stewardship. In this study, within-plant distribution of two neon- icotinoids used for emerald ash borer management, imidacloprid and dinotefuran, applied at two rates (full and half), were evaluated in green ash, a common urban and forest tree. Five weeks following conven- tional application (soil drenching for imidacloprid and basal bark spray for dinotefuran), insecticide res- idues were analyzed in leaf, stem, and root tissue of small green ash trees (< 5 cm DBH) to determine where these compounds are retained following appli- cation and their relative efficacy for EAB suppression. Within-plant movement of insecticide depends on several factors, including concentration, solubility, tree size, soil moisture, and timing of application (Jeschke and Nauen 2008; McCullough et al. 2011; Faulken- berry et al. 2012; Coots et al. 2013). Additionally, tree health affects insecticide translocation; disrupted vas- cular tissue, due either to insect infestation or other factors, can compromise insecticide uptake. Simi- larly, the effects of these neonicotinoids on insect sur- vival and development also depends on several Figure 2. Phloem tissue consumed (mm2 = 26.26; df = 4; P < 0.0001). dinotefuran applied at full and half strength (ImidFull test (χ2 , mean + SE) by EAB larvae developing in green ash trees treated with imidacloprid and , ImidHalf , DinoFull , DinoHalf ) and untreated controls. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2020
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