Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40(4): July 2014 235 Crook, M.J., and A.R. Ennos. 1996. The anchorage mechanics of deep rooted larch, Larix europea × L. japonica. Journal of Experimental Botany 47:1509–1517. Dupuy, L., T. Fourcaud, and A. Stokes. 2005a. A numerical investi- gation into factors affecting the anchorage of roots in tension. European Journal of Soil Science 56:319–327. Dupuy, L., T. Fourcaud, and A. Stokes. 2005b. A numerical inves- tigation into the influence of soil type and root architecture on tree anchorage. Plant and Soil 278:119–134. Fraedrich, B.R., and E.T. Smiley. 2002. Assessing the failure poten- tial of tree roots. In: E.T. Smiley and K.D. Coder (Eds.). Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference Proceedings. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 184 pp. Ghani, M.A., A. Stokes, and T. Fourcaud. 2009. The effect of root ar- chitecture and root loss through trenching on the anchorage of tropical urban trees (Eugenia grandis Wight). Trees 23:197–209. Figure 7. Regression line and 95% confidence interval for the comparison of the cumulative sum of the measured cross-sectional area of all roots that were severed divided by cross-sectional area of the trunk as measured at 1.37 m (∑Rcut area (FStd / CSAtrunk × 100) compared to the normalized force = peak force to move the trunk one degree after root cutting divided by the peak force prior to cutting roots multiplied by 100) to move the trunk one degree. This assess- ment procedure was defined at Method 4. FStd (∑Rcut area/CSAtrunk × 100), r2 = 97.7 – 47.1 = 0.82. root loss number for additional tree species, larger trees, and for trees where roots were lost years prior to inspection in dynamic wind situations. Acknowledgments. We would like to recognize Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. and the F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Company for their continuing support of arboricul- tural research. This research project was conducted at the 2010 Biomechanics Week in Shalerville, Ohio. We would like to express our appreciation to the efforts of John Goodfellow and Ward Peterson in association with the TREE Fund, the Ohio Chapter of the ISA, and the Davey Tree Expert Company for organizing and hosting that event. Our research team in Ohio included: Fred Fisher, Mark Hoe- nigman, Mark Noark, TJ Dutton, Ryan Lewis, Dr. Andrew Koeser, Alan Siewert, and Luana Vargas. During and aſter the event we received assistance from Chris- tine Bechtel, Dr. Jason Grabosky, Dr. Greg Dahle, and Dr. Jason Miesbauer. We greatly appreciate all of the hard work that they con- tributed to this project. LITERATURE CITED Brudi, E., and P. van Wassenaer. 2002. Trees and statics: Nondestruc- tive failure analysis. In: E.T. Smiley and K.D. Coder (Eds.). Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference Proceedings. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 184 pp. Busgen, M., E. Munch, and T. Thomas. 1929. The structure and life of forest trees. Chapman and Hall, London, England. Coutts, M.P. 1983. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant and Soil 71:171–188. Hamilton, W.D. 1998. Significance of root severance on performance of established trees. Journal of Arboriculture 14(12):288–292. ITFD. 2013. International Tree Failure Database. Accessed 04/25/2013. James, K.R., N. Haritos, and P.K. Ades. 2006. Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany 93:1361–1369. Köstler J.N., E. Brückner, and H. Bibelriether. 1968. Die Wurzeln der Waldbäume. Hamburg und Berlin, Verlag Paul Parey: 284. Lilly, S. 2011. Glossary of arboricultural terms. International Soci- ety of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 152 pp. Matheny, N.P., and J.R. Clark. 1994. A photographic guide to the evaluation of hazard trees in urban areas. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 85 pp. Mattheck, C., and H. Breloer. 1994. The body language of trees. The Stationary Office. Norwich, UK. 239 pp. Mattheck, C., M. Teschner, and J. Schafer. 1997. Mechanical control of root growth: A computer simulation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 184:261–269. Mickovski, S.B., and A.R. Ennos. 2002. A morphological and mechanical study of the root system of suppressed crown Scots pine. Trees-Structure and Function. 16:274–280. Mickovski, S.B., and A.R. Ennos. 2003 Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce. Silva Fennica 37(2):161–173. O’Sullivan, M.F., and R.M. Ritchie. 1993. Tree Stability in relation to cyclic loading. Forestry 66:69–82. Smiley, E.T. 2008. Root pruning and stability of young willow oak. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:123–128. Smiley, E.T., A. Key, and C. Greco. 2000. Root barriers and windthrow potential. Journal of Arboriculture 26(4):213–217. Smiley, E.T., B.R. Fraedrich, and N. Hendrickson. 2002. Tree Risk Management. Bartlett Tree Expert Co. 44 pp. Smiley, E.T., N. Matheny, S. Lilly. 2011. Best Management Practices: Tree Risk Assessment. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 81pp. Soil Survey of Portage County, Ohio. 1978. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Soil Conservation Service. 113 pp. Stokes A., and C. Mattheck. 1996. Variation of wood strength in tree roots. Journal of Experimental Botany. 47:693–699. Stokes, A. 1999. Strain distribution during anchorage failure of Pinus pinaster at different ages and tree growth response to wind-induced root movement. Plant and Soil 217:17–27. ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture
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