192 Hintze, J. 2003. NCSS 2004 Statistical Software, Kaysville, Utah, U.S. Iverson, L.R., and E.A. Cook. 2000. Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income. Urban Eco- systems 4:105–124. Law, J.R., P.S. Johnson, and G. Houf. 1994. A crown cover chart for oak savannas. TB-NC-2. US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Manies, K L., and D.J. Mladenoff. 2000. Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the US public land survey records. Landscape Ecology 15:741–754. Manies, K.L., D J. Mladenoff, and E.V. Nordheim. 2001. Assessing large-scale surveyor variability in the historic forest data of the orig- inal US Public Land Survey. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1719–1730. Martin, P.H., and P.L. Marks. 2006. Intact forests provide only weak re- sistance to a shade tolerant invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Journal of Ecology 94:1070–1079. McBride, J.L., and M.L. Bowles. 2001. Vegetation pattern of DuPage and Will counties at the time of European settlement. In: C. Peterson (Ed.). Proceedings of the 12th Northern Illinois Prairie Conference. College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, U.S. McBride, J.R., and D.F. Jacobs. 1986. Presettlement forest structure as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecology 9:245–266. McCune, B., and M.J. Mefford. 2006. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. MjM Software Design. Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S. Version 5.2. McCune, B., and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S. McPherson, E.G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, S. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant, and R. Rowntree. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Ur- ban Ecosystems 1:49–61. McPherson, E.G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree. 1994. Chicago’s ur- ban forest ecosystem: results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern For- est Experiment Station. Nowacki, G.J., and M.D. Abrams. 2008. The demise of fire and “me- sophication” of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience 58:123–138. Nowak, D.J. 1993. Historical vegetation change in Oakland and its im- plications for urban forest management. Journal of Arboriculture 19:313–319. Nowak, D.J. 1994. Understanding the structure of urban forests. Journal of Forestry 92:42–46. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2000. The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions. In: M. Han- sen and T. Burk (Eds.). Integrated tools for natural resources invento- ries in the 21st century. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experi- ment Station. 714–720. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, R.E. Hoehn, J.T. Walton, and J. Bond. 2008. A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:347–358. Nowak, D.J., J.E. Pasek, R.A. Sequeira, D.E. Crane, and V.C. Mastro. 2001b. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Ce- rambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:116–122. Fahey et al.: Origins of the Chicago Urban Forest Nowak, D.J., M.H. Noble, S.M. Sisinni, and J.F. Dwyer. 2001a. People and trees: Assessing the U.S. urban forest resource. Journal of For- estry 99:37–42. Nowak, D.J., R.A. Rowntree, E.G. McPherson, S.M. Sisinni, E.R. Kerk- mann, and J.C. Stevens. 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning 36:49–57. Pickett, S.T.A., M.L. Cadenasso, J.M. Grove, P.M. Groffman, L.E. Band, C.G. Boone, W.R. Burch, Jr., C.S.B. Grimmond, J. Hom, and J.C. Jenkins. 2008. Beyond urban legends: An emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. Bio- Science 58:139–150. Poland, T.M., and D.G. McCullough. 2006. Emerald Ash Borer: Invasion of the Urban Forest and the Threat to North Americas Ash Resource. Journal of Forestry 104:118–124. Rowntree, R.A. 1984a. Ecology of the urban forest--Introduction to part I. Urban Ecology 8:1–11. Rowntree, R.A. 1984b. Forest canopy cover and land use in four eastern United States cities. Urban Ecology 8:13–27. Rowntree, R.A. 1986. Ecology of the urban forest--Introduction to part II. Urban Ecology 9:229–243. Santamour, F.S., Jr. 2004. Trees for urban planting: diversity uniformity, and common sense. pp. 57–65 in 7th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Planting Alliance (METRA). Transeau, E.N. 1935. The prairie peninsula. Ecology 16:423–437. U.S. Census-Bureau. 2011. 2010 Census Data.
. Walker, J.S., N.B. Grimm, J.M. Briggs, C. Gries, and L. Dugan. 2009. Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:465–470. Willman, H.B. 1971. Summary of the geology of the Chicago area. Cir- cular 460. Urbana, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey. Woodall, C., D. Nowak, G. Liknes, and J. Westfall. 2010. Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the east- ern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 259:1447–1454. Zipperer, W.C. 2002. Species composition and structure of regenerated and remnant forest patches within an urban landscape. Urban Eco- systems 6:271–290. Zipperer, W.C., S.M. Sisinni, R.V. Pouyat, and T.W. Foresman. 1997. Urban tree cover: An ecological perspective. Urban Ecosystems 1:229–246. Robert T. Fahey (corresponding author) The Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL 60532, U.S.
[email protected] Marlin L. Bowles The Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL 60532, U.S. Jeanette L. McBride The Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL 60532, U.S. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2012
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
