Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(5): September 2012 Soil recovery following disturbance may be delayed ini- tially, but there is a tendency for the soil to rapidly increase after 10 to 20 years, often in association with woody vegeta- tion establishment and differentiation of the A horizon (Zak et al. 1990; Diquelou et al. 1999). Rates of A horizon formation are variable and range from 10 year cm-1 in an Oregon, U.S., Mollisol soil (Forcella 1978); 12 year cm-1 in an Iowa, U.S., Mollisol soil (Simonson 1959); to 38 year cm-1 in a Wiscon- sin, U.S., Alfisol soil (Nielson and Hole 1964). The results of the current study demonstrate linear improvements in urban soil quality in urban landscapes that are <30-years-old, with a potential progression towards a flattening of this curve near 100 years. Scharenbroch et al. (2005) supports this finding of an approximate urban soil recovery time of >50 to 100 years. CONCLUSION The urban soil quality MDS for predicting urban tree perfor- mance included texture, ρb , WAS, pH, EC, POM, and total SOM. ). The MDS includes relatively permanent soil properties that are used in soil classification at global scales (e.g., texture and EC). A model for assessing urban soil quality for trees must be accurate, conceptually simple, cheap, and easy to apply. The proposed MDS meets these criteria and provides a framework for further testing. Future research should apply this MDS and test its predictive ability for tree performance in other urban systems. In order to expand to other urban areas climate (mean annual precipitation and temperature, degree days, etc.), parent material and site factors (e.g., proximity to infrastructure and plantable space) may also need to be considered. However, adding com- plexity to the MDS to improve accuracy must be balanced with practical considerations of taking those additional measurements. Acknowledgments. The authors grateful- ly acknowledge financial support from the Tree Research & Education Endowment Fund John Z. Duling grant and The Mor- ton Arboretum Endowment. We thank The Morton Arboretum Soil Science labora- tory volunteers: Mark McKinney, Marlene Hahn, Kathy Davidson, and other volun- teers for their assistance. Special thanks to the residents and homeown- ers associations and (their managers): Arboretum Estates Townhomes in Glen Ellyn, IL, (Lisa Cherry); Baker Hill in Glen Ellyn, IL, (Peggy Dre- scher and Daniel Richardt); River Oaks in Warrenville, IL (Ruth Brack- mann); and Stonebridge Country Club in Aurora, IL (Roy Logan). We thank Edith Makra and Beth Corrigan for their assistance in working with the homeowners’ associations. The authors suspect the MDS developed from these urban soils in western Chicago, IL, will be applicable to other urban soils. The MDS includes physical, chemical, and biological properties. The MDS includes parameters commonly included in standard soil assessments and other MDS databases (e.g., SOM and pH). The MDS includes soil properties that are responsive to soil manage- ment practices and disturbances at local scales (e.g., POM, WAS, and ρb LITERATURE CITED Angers, D.A., M.S. Bullock, and G.R. Mehuys. 2008. Aggregate stability to water. In: M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich (Eds.). Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. pp. 811–820. Arshad, M.A., and G.M. Coen. 1992. Characterization of soil quality: Physical and chemical criteria. American Journal of Alternative Ag- riculture 7:12–16. Bautista-Cruz, A., F. De Leon-Gonzalez, R. Carrillo-Gonzalez, and C. Robles. 2011. Identification of soil quality indicators for maguey mezcalero (Agave angustifolia Haw.) plantations in southern Mexico. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6:4795–4799. Bengtsson, G., P. Bengtson, and K.F. Mansson. 2003. Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochem- istry 35:143–154. Beyer, L., H.-P. Blume, D.C. Elsner, and A. Willnow. 1995. Soil organic matter composition and microbial activity in urban soils. Science To- tal Environment 168:267–278. Brejda, J.J., D.L. Karlen, J.L. Smith, and D.L. Allen. 2000b. Identifica- tion of regional soil quality factors and indicators: II. Northern Mis- sissippi loess hills and Palouse prairie. Soil Science Society Ameri- can Journal. 64:2125–2135. Brejda, J.J., T.B. Moorman, D.L. Karlen, and T.H. Dao. 2000a. Iden- tification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: I. Central and southern high plains. Soil Science Society American Journal 64:2115–2124. Brookes, P.C., A. Landman, G. Pruden, and D.S. Jenkinson. 1985. Chlo- roform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct ex- traction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17:837–842. Buol, S.W., R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, and P.A. McDaniel. 2003. Soil gen- esis and classification. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S. Burger, J.A., and D.L. Kelting. 1999. Using soil quality indicators to assess forest stand management. Forest Ecology and Management 122:155–166. Collie, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Relation of soil properties to site index of loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont region of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. Journal of Forestry 51:739–744. Craul, P.J. 1992. Urban soil in landscape design. John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S. Craul, P.J. 1999. Urban Soils: Applications and Practices. John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.. Day, S.D., and N.L. Bassuk. 1994. A review of the effects of soil com- paction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20:9–17. de Castilho, C.V., W.E. Magnusson, R.N.O. de Araujo, R.C.C. Luizao, F.J. Luizao, A.P. Lima, and N. Higuchi. 2006. Variation in aboveg- round tree live biomass in a central Amazonian forest: effects of soil and topography. Forest Ecology and Management 234:85–96. Diquelou, S., F. Rozeand, A.J. Francez. 1999. Changes in mi- crobial biomass and activity during old field successions in Brittany, France. Pedobiologia 43:470–479. Doran, J. W., and T.B. Parkin. 1994. Defining and assessing soil qual- ity. In: J.W. Doran, D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek, and B.A. Stewart. (Eds.). Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Soil Sci- ence Society of America Special Publication no. 35, Madison, WI. pp. 3–21. 225 ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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