Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(3): May 2009 145 Results from this experiment showed how annual trunk in- jections of carbohydrates during dormancy may improve growth and vitality in live oaks. No visual or physiological damage apart from the injection sites was detected as a result of carbo- hydrate injections during the time of the experiment. Previous research showed that carbohydrates can help combat the effect of stress conditions, such as defoliations (Iglesias et al. 2003). Based on the results of this study, future research on the effects of carbohydrate injections in trees subjected to stressful condi- tions during the growing season should be conducted where the impact on tree performance may be more pronounced. LITERATURE CITED Abdin, O.A., X. Zhou, B.E. Coulman, D. Cloutier, M.A. Faris, and D.L. Smith. 1998. Effect of sucrose supplementation by stem injection on the development of soybean plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 49(329):2013–2018. Appel, D.N. 2001. The use of Alamo for oak wilt management. p. 101–106. In: C.L. Ash (Ed.). Shade tree wilt diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, D.L. Bryan, G.C. Denny, W.T. Watson, and L. Lombardini. 2007. Below-grade planting adversely affects survival and growth of tree species from five different families. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 33(1):64–69. Figure 2. Effects of trunk-injected carbohydrates (glucose, su- crose, and a 50:50 mixture) at four concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16 oz/gal)] on glucose content from twigs (A) and starch content from roots (B) of live oaks. Bars indicate ±1 standard error. Different letters between types of sugar indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) using LSD. synthesis in previous years (Barford et al. 2001; Gough et al. 2008). Injections of carbohydrate in this study may have been stored for future use instead of utilized immediately for growth. Carbon isotopic ratios (δ13 C) in roots did not differ (P > 0.05) among carbohydrates treatments (data not shown), but there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the twigs of trees receiving 120 g/L (16 oz/gal) (δ13 C= -29.157‰) rela- tive to the control (δ13C= -30.530‰) suggesting the pres- C in twigs of trees receiving glucose indicates ence of exogenous carbohydrates in twigs. The lack of dif- ference in δ13 that glucose was metabolized differently from sucrose. Barford, C.C., S.C. Wofsy, M.L. Goulden, J.W. Munger, E.H. Pyle, S.P. Urbanski, L. Hutyra, S. R. Saleska, D. Fitzjarrald, and K. Moore. 2001. Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmo- spheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 294:1688–1691. Carroll, J.E., T.A. Tattar, and P.M. Wargo. 1983. Relationship of root starch to decline of sugar maple. Plant Disease 67:1347–1349. Costonis, A.C. 1981. Tree injections: perspective macro-injection/micro- injection. Journal of Arboriculture 7(10):275–277. Dobbertin, M. 2005. Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. European Journal of Forest Research 124:319–333. Eggers, J., J. Juzwik, S. Bernick, and L. Mordaunt. 2005. Evaluation of propiconazole operational treatments of oaks for oak wilt control. U.S. Dept. Agriculture Forest Service Resp. North Central Research Station. NC-390. Fotelli, M.N., H. Rennenberg, T. Holst, H. Mayer, and A. Gebler. 2003. Carbon isotope composition of various tissues of beech (Fagus syl- vatica) regeneration is indicative of recent environment conditions within the forest understory. New Phytologist 159:229–244. Giedraitis, J. 1990. Treating the treaty oak. p. 159–163. In: P.D. Rodbell (Ed.) Make our cities safe for trees: proceedings of the fourth urban forestry conference. American Forestry Association, St. Louis, MO. Gregory, R.A., and P.M. Wargo. 1985. Timing of defoliation and its effect on bud development, starch reserves, and sap sugar concentration in sugar maple. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:10–17. Gough, C.M., C.S. Vogel, H.P. Schmid, H.B. Su, and P.S. Curtis. 2008. Multi-year convergence of biometric and meteorological estimates of forest carbon storage. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 148:158– 170. Figure 3. Effects of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, and a 50:50 mixture) supplemented by trunk injections at four concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L-1 (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16 oz/gal)] on chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) on live oaks. Bars indicate ± 1 standard er- ror. Different letters between type of sugars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) using LSD. Haissig, B.E., and R.E. Dickson. 1979. Starch measurement in plant tissue using enzymatic hydrolysis. Physiologia Planatarum 47:151–157. Iglesias, D.J., F.R. Tadeo, E. Primo-Millo, and M. Talon. 2003. Fruit set dependence on carbohydrate availability in citrus trees. Tree Physiol- ogy 23:199–204. Iglesias, D.J., F.R. Tadeo, F. Legaz, E. Primo-Millo, and M. Talon. 2001. In vivo sucrose stimulation of colour change in citrus fruit epicarps: ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2009
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success. You will be contacted by Washington Gas with follow-up information regarding your request.
This process might take longer please wait
