Richard Stalter, Dwight Kincaid, and Michael Byer Control of Nonnative Invasive Woody Plant Species at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, New York City ............................................................................................................................... 152 Abstract. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge (JBWR) is situated within Jamaica Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean at the western end of Long Island, New York, U.S. (40°35' N latitude, 72°52' W longitude) within Brooklyn and Queens, boroughs of New York City. The vouchered vascular flora of the refuge consists of 456 species within 270 genera and 90 families of which 222 species, 49% of the flora, are nonnative. The most aggressive woody alien species are tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Oriental bit- tersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), autumn olive (E. umbellata), buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and porcelain berry (Ampelopsis brevi- pedunculata). Ailanthus altissima, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, and Celastrus orbiculatus are the most aggressive of the aforemen- tioned aliens. These and additional woody nonnative vascular species can be removed from small areas of a few square meters by cutting, herbicide treatment or hand-pulling. It may be impossible to control, much less eradicate these alien invasives from Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. This article presents guidelines for a scientific and experimental approach to this problem. Key Words. Ailanthus altissima; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata; Celastrus orbiculatus; Elaeagnus spp.; Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge; Lonicera japonica; New York City; Nonnative Vascular Plants; Rhamnus frangula; Rosa multiflora. Alexis A. Alvey, P. Eric Wiseman, and Brian Kane Efficacy of Conventional Tree Stabilization Systems and their Effect on Short-Term Tree Development ......................................................................................................................... 157 Abstract. We evaluated three conventional tree stabilization systems (staking, guying, and root ball anchoring) on 6.4 cm (2.5 in) caliper field-grown, balled and burlapped white ash (Fraxinus americana L. ‘Autumn Purple’). At five weeks and at seven months aſter planting, performance of the stabilization systems was evaluated under ambient wind conditions as well as wind-simulating pull tests. Nonstabi- lized ash trees remained upright during both the 5-week and 7-month studies despite occasionally substantial wind gusts. From the pull tests, the study found the stabilization systems performed equally well and that even nonstabilized ash trees were tolerant of moderate to heavy wind loads. Stabilization systems differed in the maximum force they endured before component failure. The guying system withstood forces 1.7 to 2.5 times greater than the root ball anchoring and staking systems, respectively. Stabilization system compo- nents were very durable during the first growing season and did not substantially impact tree height growth, shoot elongation, root diam- eter, root length, or root mass seven months aſter planting. Aſter one growing season, both nonstabilized and previously stabilized trees remained upright until unrealistically large loads were applied. Practical implications for landscape tree management are discussed. Key Words. Anchoring; Guying; Planting; Pull Tests; Staking; Tree Stabilization; Tree Support; Wind. Yaoqi Zhang, Bin Zheng, Brenda Allen, Neil Letson, and Jeff L. Sibley Tree Ordinances as Public Policy and Participation Tools: Development in Alabama .................. 165 Abstract: Following a brief overview of the historical evolution of tree ordinances in the United States, this paper focuses on the development of tree ordinances in the state of Alabama to demonstrate how the tree ordinances evolve into law and the role such ordinances have on urban trees. Even though tree ordinances have a long history in the United States, they have been rapidly developing since the 1970s. Among the 100 municipalities that have some type of tree ordinance in Alabama, based on this investigation, the major responsibilities of tree ordinances include: having a tree commission (board), defining tree planting, removal and replacement of trees on public land, public tree protection and care, tree species selection, and dead tree removal on public and private property. Considering the broadness and complexity of urban trees, this paper indicates tree ordinances provide not only a legal framework, but also an effective tool to engage public participation and awareness of urban trees in the process of formulating, implementing, and amending of the tree ordinances. Development of tree ordinances requires government support, citizen participation, and consideration of local resources. Key Words: Green Law; Landscape Ordinance; Public Attitude; Public Survey; Southeast United States. ©2009 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
May 2009
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