Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(3): May 2009 153 Table 1. Place of origin of some introduced native and nonnative plants, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, New York. Native status according to Gleason and Cronquist (1991) and Rheder (1940). Asterisks indicate nonnative status. Nonnative taxa are listed first (*), followed by native taxa; both are in alphabetical order. Species *Buddleja davidii *Campsis radicans *Catalpa bignonioides *Hemerocallis sp. *Ligustrum vulgare *Mentha spicata *Narcissus sp. *Pinus thunbergiana *Pyracantha coccinea *Pyrus communis *Robinia pseudoacacia *Rosa canina *Salix pentandra *Sambucus racemosa var. pubens *Weigelia japonica *Yucca filamentosa Amelanchier arborea var. laevis Aronia arbutifolia Aronia prunifolia Asclepias tuberosa Baptisia tinctoria Crataegus phaenopyrum Crataegus succulenta Gleditsia triacanthos Ilex glabra Lindera benzoin Liquidambar styraciflua Opuntia humifusa Pyrus coronaria Quercus phellos Quercus rubra Sambucus canadensis Vaccinium corymbosum Common name butterfly bush trumpet creeper catalpa day lily privet mint narcissus Japanese black pine firethorn pear black locust dog rose bay-leaved willow elderberry weigelia bear grass shadbush red chokeberry purple chokeberry butterfly bush wild indigo hawthorne hawthorne honeylocust inkberry spice bush sweetgum prickley pear crabapple willow oak red oak elderberry high bush blueberry trails and ponds make ideal conditions for observation. Oth- er noteworthy wildlife species are also present, such as the Diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) which is the subject of a long-term study of its population dynamics. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) identify nonnative invasive woody vascular plant species, 2) determine which woody and herbaceous vascular plant species were most problematic, and 3) establish procedures to control the problematic woody taxa. Most invasive plant species are exotic, but relatively few of all exotics are invasive. Invasive species are those that out- compete native species and take over their habitats. By doing so, they reduce biodiversity. They may completely alter eco- system function. Lack of enemies or competitors in their new environment may often allow them to spread rapidly. Inva- sive vascular plants may threaten the existence of rare, threat- ened or endangered species by out-competing them or altering their habitat. Occasionally, invasive vascular plants may de- stroy the identity of native species by hybridizing with them. METHODS The present report was an outgrowth of continuing research at Ja- maica Bay Wildlife Refuge by the senior author from 1985 to pres- ent. This research consisted of observations, collections of more than 800 vouchered specimens and accumulation of information on abundance and habitat preference for each vascular plant spe- Place of origin China Southeastern United States Southern United States Eurasia Europe Eastern United States Europe Asia Italy to Western Asia Eurasia Pennsylvania (and southward) Europe Europe Northeastern United States Asia Maryland to Florida Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States New England to Pennsylvania Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States Eastern United States cies at JBWR. Problematic specimens were sent to taxonomic ex- perts at the New York Botanical Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Gar- dens and the New York State Museum for identification. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Gateway National Recreation Area, Herbarium, Fort Wadsworth (Staten Island, New York). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Following accepted horticultural practices at the time, 33 spe- cies (Table 1) were introduced into the refuge by Superintendent Johnson (Kaltman 1968). Seventeen of these species are native to the region, but not to the refuge, while 16 species are not native. In the 1960s when researchers were not as aware of the prob- lems posed by nonnative plants, Superintendent Herbert Johnson, a horticulturalist, was responsible for numerous plantings at the refuge, including nonnative species such as Elaeagnus spp., Japa- nese black pine (Pinus thunbergiana), firethorn (Pyracantha coc- cinea), Rosa multiflora, and rugose rose (Rosa rugosa). Johnson also planted native species, including bayberry (Myrica pensyl- vanica), and choke berry (Aronia spp.) (Venezia and Cook 1991). Of the five alien tree species, nine nonnative shrubs and one vine introduced by Superintendent Johnson, only Pinus thunbergiana, Rosa multiflora and Lonicera japonica are represented by large num- bers of individuals at JBW in 2007 (Table 1). Lonicera japonica is not as abundant as invasive Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Celastrus orbiculatus; it is a problem locally within thickets and woodlands. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2009
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