Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(3): May 2009 more bulky, which may be a practical consideration. Arborists can expect reliable performance from any of these three con- ventional systems; however, one system may be preferable de- pending on tree type, site constraints, or aesthetic expectations. LITERATURE CITED Appleton, B.L., and C.M. Beatty. 2004. Tree stabilization at installation. Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Confer- ence, Section 9–Landscape 49:437–440. Appleton, B.L., C.M. Cannella, P.E. Wiseman, and A.A. Alvey. 2008. Tree stabilization: current products and practices. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34(1):54–58. Arnold, M.A., and D.K. Struve. 1989. Green ash establishment following transplant. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114(4):591–595. Eckstein, R., and E.F. Gilman. 2008. Evaluation of landscape tree sta- bilization systems. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34(4):216–221. Fayle, D.C.F. 1976. Notes: stem sway affects ring width and compression wood formation in exposed root bases. Forest Science 22(2):193–194. Foster, R.S., and J. Blaine. 1978. Urban tree survival: trees in the side- walk. Journal of Arboriculture 4:14–17. Harris, R.W. 1984. Effects of pruning and staking on landscape trees. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2(4):140–142. Harris, R.W., and W.D. Hamilton. 1969. Staking and pruning young Myoporum laetum trees. Journal of the American Society for Horti- cultural Science 94(4):359–361. Holbrook, N.M., and F.E. Putz. 1989. Influence of neighbors on tree form: effects of lateral shade and prevention of sway on the allometry of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum). American Journal of Botany 76(12):1740–1749. Jacobs, R.M. 1954. The effects of wind sway on the form and develop- ment of Pinus radiata. Australian Journal of Botany 2:33–51. Kane, B., M. Pavlis, J. Seiler, and J.R. Harris. 2008. Crown configura- tion and stress in shade trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1275–1289. Leiser, A.T., and J.D. Kemper. 1968. A theoretical analysis of a critical height of staking landscape trees. Proceedings of the American Soci- ety for Horticultural Science 92:713–720. Leiser, A.T., and J.D. Kemper. 1973. Analysis of stress distribution in sapling tree trunk. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 98:164–170. Mayhead, G.J., and T.A.R. Jenkins. 1992. Growth of young Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and the effect of simulated browsing, staking and tree shelters. Forestry 65(4):453–462. Neel, P.L. 1967. Factors influencing trunk development of landscape trees. Proceedings of the International Shade Tree Conference 43:293–303. 163 Patch, D. 1987. Trouble at the stake, pp 77–84. In D. Patch (Ed.). Ad- vances in Practical Arboriculture. Forestry Commission Bulletin 65. HMSO, London, England. Peltola, H., S. Kellomaki, A. Hassinen, and M. Granander. 2000. Me- chanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland. Forest Ecology and Manage- ment 135:143–153. Smiley, E.T., and B. Kane. 2006. The effects of pruning type on wind load- ing of Acer rubrum. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 32(1):33–40. Smiley, E.T., E. LeBrun, and E. Gilbert. 2003. Evaluation of extraction force for wooden guy anchors. Journal of Arboriculture 29(5):295– 297. Svihra, P., D. Burger, and D. Ellis. 1999. Effects of 3 trunk support sys- tems on growth of young Pyrus calleryana trees. Journal of Arbori- culture 25(6):319–324. Whalley, D. 1982. Lighter the better–tree staking. Gardener’s Chronicle and Horticultural Trade Journal 191(24):23–24. Wrigley, M.P., and G.S. Smith. 1978. Staking and pruning effects on trunk and root development of four ornamental trees. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6(4):309–311. Acknowledgments. This study was funded in part by a grant from the Mid-Atlantic Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture. Addi- tional support was provided by Virginia Tech’s Departments of Forestry and Horticulture. We acknowledge John Homyk, John James, Michael Pavlis, Donnie Sowers, and Stephanie Worthington for assistance with experiment installation and data collection. We also extend gratitude to the Bartlett Tree Experts Research Lab for use of the tree sled for experi- mentation. Alexis A. Alvey Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County 423 Griffing Avenue, Suite 100 Riverhead, NY 11901, U.S. P. Eric Wiseman (corresponding author) Department of Forestry Cheatham Hall Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.
[email protected] Brian Kane Department of Natural Resources Conservation Holdsworth Hall University of Massachusetts – Amherst Amherst, MA 01003, U.S. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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