Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(4): July 2019 fitness. Chlorophyll fluorescence is therefore an excel- lent non-destructive tool to measure the physiological state of photosynthetic tissues (Maxwell and Johnson 2000) and could provide valuable health information in preparation for potential infestations as well as informing long-term management of an ash resource. Previous work has shown that a single stem injec- tion of emamectin benzoate at a 0.4 g ai/2.54 cm dbh rate reduces A. planipennis larvae up to almost 100% for three years (Smitley et al. 2010a) with biennial treatments being optimal (Flower et al. 2015). Our work shows that trees previously infested with A. planipennis also show physiological signs of improvement, suggest- ing at least short-term recovery from attack is also possible through continued applications every three years. LITERATURE CITED Baker, N.R., and E. Rosenqvist. 2004. Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an exam- ination of future possibilities. Journal of Experimental Botany 55: 1607–1621. Bauer, L.R., R.A. Haack, D.R. Miller, T.R. Petrice, and H. Liu. 2004. Emerald ash borer life cycle. Emerald Ash Borer Research and Technology Development Meeting, Port Huron, MI. Björkman, O., and B. Demmig. 1987. Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta 170(4): 489–504. Brodribb, T., and T.S. Field. 2000. Stem hydraulic supply is linked to leaf photosynthetic capacity: evidence from New Caledo- nian and Tasmanian rainforests. Plant Cell and Environment 23(12): 1381–1988. Brodribb, T.J., T.S. Feild, and G.J. Jordan. 2007. Leaf Maximum Photosynthetic Rate and Venation Are Linked by Hydraulics. Plant Physiology 144(4): 1890–1898. Cappaert, D.L., D.G. McCullough, and T.M. Poland. 2005. Emerald ash borer life cycle: a reassessment. Emerald Ash Borer Research and Technology Development Meeting, Romulus, MI. Christen, D., S. Schönmann, M. Jermini, R.J. Strasser, and G. Défago. 2007. Characterization and early detection of grape- vine (Vitis vinifera) stress responses to esca disease by in situ chlorophyll fluorescence and comparison with drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 60(3): 504–514. Doccola, J.J., D.R. Smitley, T.W. Davis, J.J. Aiken, and P.M. Wild. 2011. Tree wound responses following systemic insecticide trunk injection treatments in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) as determined by destructive autopsy. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(1): 6–12. Dodds, K.J., R.P. Hanavan, and T. Wansleben. 2016. Enhancing stand structure through snag creation in Northeastern U.S. for- ests: Using ethanol injections and bark beetle pheromones to artificially stress red maple and white pine. Forests 7(6): 124–139. Flower, C.E., J.E. Dalton, K.S. Knight, M. Brikha, and M.A. Gonzalez-Meler. 2015. To treat or not to treat: Diminishing 137 effectiveness of emamectin benzoate tree injections in ash trees heavily infested by emerald ash borer. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14(4): 790–795. Haack, R.A. et al. 2002. The emerald ash borer: a new exotic pest in North America. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 47(3 & 4): 1–5. Herms, D.A. et al. 2009. Insecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer. Johnstone, D., M. Tausz, G. Moore, and M. Nicolas. 2014. Bark and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence are linked to wood structural changes in Eucalyptus saligna. AoB Plants, 6. Kautsky, H., and A. Hirsch. 1931. Neue Versuche zur Kohlensäureassimilation. Naturwissenschaften, 19: 964. Klooster, W. et al. 2014. Ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality, regenera- tion, and seed bank dynamics in mixed hardwood forests fol- lowing invasion by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Biological Invasions 16(4): 859–873. Knight, K.S., J.P. Brown, and R.P. Long. 2013. Factors affecting the survival of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees infested by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Biological Invasions 15: 371–383. Kovacs, K.F. et al. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer dam- age in US communities: 2009-2019. Ecological Economics 69(2010): 569–578. Maxwell, K., and G.N. Johnson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51(345): 659–668. McCullough, D.G., and R.J. Mercader. 2012. Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): SLAM in an urban forest. International Journal of Pest Management 58(1): 9–23. McCullough, D.G., T.M. Poland. A.C. Anulewicz, and D. Cappaert. 2009. Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Attraction to Stressed or Baited Ash Trees. Environmental Entomology 38(6): 1668–1679. Peñuelas, J., and S. Munné-Bosch. 2005. Isoprenoids: an evolutionary pool for photoprotection. Trends in Plant Science 10: 166–169. Poland, T.M., and D.G. McCullough. 2006. Emerald Ash Borer: Invasion of the Urban Forest and the Threat to North America’s Ash Resource. Journal of Forestry 104(3): 118–124. Richardson, A.D., S.P. Duigan, and G.P. Berlyn. 2002. An evalu- ation of noninvasive methods to estimate foliar chlorophyll content. New Phytologist 153(1): 185–194. Rosenqvist, E., and O. van Kooten. 2003. Chlorophyll Fluores- cence: A General Description and Nomenclature. In: J. DeEll and P.A. Toivonen (Editors), Practical Applications of Chloro- phyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology. Springer U.S., pp. 31–77. SAS Institute, i., 2004. SAS/STAT software: the GLM Procedure, release 8.0. Smitley, D.R., J. Doccola, and D.L. Cox. 2010a. Multiple-year protection of ash trees from emerald ash borer with a single trunk injection of emamectin benzoate, and single-year pro- tection with an imidacloprid basal drench. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(5): 206–211. Smitley, D.R., E.J. Rebek, R.N. Royalty, T.W. Davis, and K.F. Newhouse. 2010b. Protection of individual ash trees from emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with basal soil applications of imidacloprid. Journal of Economic Entomol- ogy 103(1): 119–126. ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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