Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(6): November 2016 cost of worm castings preclude their routine use along highway roadsides, but the biosolids blend is cost-competitive and delivered positive results. Implications for Urban Soil Manage- ment Application of organic amendments plus bark mulch significantly improved survival of fragrant sumac, and improved growth of all three species compared with an unamended, bark-mulch con- trol along a highly compacted highway roadside. Incorporation of amendments did not improve survival or growth of any of the species in com- parison to surface application, despite the addi- tional benefit of decreased soil compaction, sug- gesting that the expense of incorporation is not necessary under similar conditions. Although the rate of plant growth differed among amend- ments, likely because of nitrogen availability, all amendments produced acceptable growth and survival over the three-year period of the study. Acknowledgments. The authors thank Elizabeth Myhre and Bob Riley for their technical assistance in the field and laboratory. Financial support for this project was provided by the Northwest Biosolids Management Association; the City of Seattle, Washing- ton, U.S.; and the Agricultural Research Center at Washington State University (USDA/NIFA Hatch Projects WNP3755 and 0722). The Washington State Department of Transportation provided plants, bark, worm castings, and labor to help with experiment installation. The City of Tacoma, Washington, U.S. supplied the biosolids blend, and LRI, Inc. provided the yard debris compost. LITERATURE CITED Alberty, C.A., H.M. Pellett, and D.H. Taylor. 1984. Characteriza- tion of soil compaction at construction sites and woody plant response. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2:48–53. Beeson, R.C., and K.G. Keller. 2001. Yard waste compost as a land- scape soil amendment for azaleas. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19:222–225. Bir, R.E., and T.G. Ranney. 1991. The effect of organic soil amend- ments on the growth and development of Kalmia latifolia. Pro- ceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society 41:395–398. Blessing, S.C., and M.N. Dana. 1987. Post-transplant root system expansion in Juniperus chinensis L. as influenced by production system, mechanical root disruption, and soil type. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5:155–158. Chalker-Scott, L. 2007. Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment—A review. Journal of Environmental Horti- culture 25:239–249. Chen, Y., S.D. Day, A.F. Wick, and K.J. McGuire. 2014. Influence of urban land development and subsequent soil rehabilitation on soil aggregates, carbon, and hydraulic conductivity. Science of the Total Environment 494:329–336. 425 Cogger, C.G. 2005. Potential compost benefits for restoration of soils disturbed by urban development. Compost Science and Utilization 13:243–251. Cogger, C.G., R. Hummel, J. Hart, and A. Bary. 2008. Soil and redosier dogwood response to incorporated and surface- applied compost. HortScience 43:2143–2150. Day, S.D., and N.L. Bassuk. 1994. A review of the effects of soil com- paction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20:9–17. Foster, R.S., and J. Blaine. 1978. Urban tree survival: Trees in the sidewalk. Journal of Arboriculture 4:14–17. Gavlak, R.G., D.A. Horneck, and R.O. Miller. 2005. Soil, plant, and water reference methods for the western region. Western Regional Extension Publication 125, third edition. Gilman, E.F. 2004. Effects of amendments, soil additives, and irrigation on tree survival and growth. Journal of Arboriculture 30:301–311. Gilmour, J.T., C.G. Cogger, L.W. Jacobs, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sul- livan. 2003. Decomposition and plant available N in biosolids: Laboratory studies, field, studies, and computer simulation. Journal of Environmental Quality 32:1498–1507. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1995. A new urban tree soil to safely increase rooting volumes under sidewalks. Journal of Arbori- culture 21:187–201. Grossman, R.B., and T.G. Reinsch. 2002. Bulk density and linear ex- tensibility. p. 201–228. In: J.H. Dane and E.G. Topp (Eds.). Meth- ods of soil analysis. Part 4. Physical methods. Soil Science Society of America. Book Series 5. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. Hummel, R.L., and C.R. Johnson. 1985. Amended backfills: Their cost and effect on transplant growth and survival. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3:76–79. Jim, C.Y. 1998a. Physical and chemical properties of a Hong Kong roadside soil in relation to urban tree growth. Urban Ecosys- tems 2:171–181. Jim, C.Y. 1998b. Urban soil characteristics and limitations for land- scape planting in Hong Kong. Landscape and Urban Planning 40:235–249. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015a. Rhus aromatica ‘Gro-Low’. Accessed 24 February 2015. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015b. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Accessed 24 February 2015. Ophardt, M.C., and R.L. Hummel. 2011. Planting Trees and Shrubs in the Landscape. FS047E. Washington State University Ex- tension Fact Sheet. Patterson, J.C. 1977. Soil compaction—Effects on urban vegetation. Journal of Arboriculture 3:161–167. Pojar, J., and A. MacKinnon. (Eds.). 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Scharenbroch, B.C. 2009. A meta-analysis of studies published in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry relating to organic materials and impacts on soil, tree, and environmental properties. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 35:221–231. Scharenbroch, B.C., and G.W. Watson. 2014. Wood chips and com- post improve soil quality and increase growth of Acer rubrum and Betula nigra in compacted urban soil. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:319–331. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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