Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44(6): November 2018 Parks and Forestry, personal communication). In this way, the project fulfilled its role as a scientific partnership. This community-based monitoring project also fulfilled the requirements of an Eagle Scout service project that subsequently earned the 2017 National Eagle Scout Association Council service project of the year award. The project deepened the knowledge base and relationship of this Scout team with its local trees and with practical science. Perhaps more importantly, the project created a model for small-scale citizen- science projects, where even young citizens are trained to collect helpful information. Future tree health CBM projects will be able to take advan- tage of the tree health assessment module in the Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities app (HTHC 2018). Tree vitality assessment and hazard tree man- agement are priorities for urban tree invento- ries, although the accuracy of these methods is rarely tested (Nielsen et al. 2014). Nielsen et al. (2014) goes on to say that along with how the data is collected, the “why” should be a primary consideration. In this case, non-stressor-specific variables were used to assess the overall physi- ological health of ash trees that were likely infested by EAB. This methodology says noth- ing about whether a tree is hazardous or not. Tree hazard ratings should only be completed by certified arborists for liability reasons. For cities such as Oconomowoc, which are faced with EAB and the death of their ash trees, knowledge of current tree condition is needed to plan and prioritize tree removal. This project was an example of how CBM can leverage urban tree inventory data to create a useful product without further expendi- tures of municipal personnel or funding. The overall utility of projects like this can only be determined by policymakers and urban forestry professionals who will ultimately use the information. The study authors provided a nuanced look at levels of agreement between experts and volunteers that includes tables of thresholds that can be used by urban foresters to make a determination as to whether the data is useful based on the questions they need answered. 245 Acknowledgments. We would like to thank the Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, Boy Scout Troop 169 for the time and effort they dedi- cated to assessing the health of their community’s ash trees. We also appreciate the data and support from Bryan Spencer, Oconomowoc Parks and Forestry Superintendent. LITERATURE CITED Au, J., P. Bagchi, B. Chen, R. Martinez, S.A. Dudley, and G.J. Sorger. 2000. Methodology for public monitoring of total coli- forms, Escherichia coli and toxicity in waterways by Canadian high school students. Journal of Environmental Management 58:213–230. Belanger, J., J. Rushing Mills, C. Holmes, and M. Oakleaf. 2015. Project RAILS: Lessons Learned about Rubric Assessment of Information Literacy Skills. portal Libraries and the Academy 15:623–644. Bloniarz, D.V., and H.D.P. Ryan. 1996. The use of volunteer initia- tives in conducting urban forest resource inventories. Journal of Arboriculture 22:75–82. Conrad, C.T., and T. Daoust. 2008. Community-based monitor- ing frameworks: Increasing the effectiveness of environmen- tal stewardship. Environmental Management 41:358–366. Cox, T.E., J. Philippoff, E. Baumgartner, and C.M. Smith. 2012. Expert variability provides perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of citizen driven intertidal monitoring program. Ecological Applications 1201–1212. Cozad, S., E. McPherson, and J. Harding. 2005. STRATUM Case Study Evaluation in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. Emerald Ash Borer Information Network. 2017. Engel, S.R., and J.R. Voshell. 2002. Volunteer biological monitor- ing: Can it accurately assess the ecological condition of streams? American Entomologist 48:164–177. Green, R., 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S. Herms, D., D.G. Mccullough, D.R. Smitley, C.S. Sadof, and W. Cranshaw. 2014. Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer. North Central IPM Center Bulletin, second edition, 1–16. HTHC. 2018. Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities Tree Health Initiative. The Nature Conservancy. Kosmala, M., A. Wiggins, A. Swanson, and B. Simmons. 2016. Assessing data quality in citizen science. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14:551–560. Kovacs, K.F., R.G. Haight, D.G. McCullough, R.J. Mercader, N.W. Siegert, and A.M. Liebhold. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009–2019. Ecological Eco- nomics 69:569–578. Lamprecht, M., D. Sabatini, and A. Carpenter. 2007. CellProfiler: Free, versatile soſtware for automated biological image analysis. Biotechniques 42:71–75. Lukyanenko, R., J. Parsons, and Y.F. Wiersma. 2016. Emerging problems of data quality in citizen science. Conservation Biol- ogy 30:447–449. Nielsen, A.B., J. Östberg, and T. Delshammar. 2014. Review of urban tree inventory methods used to collect data at single-tree level. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:96–111. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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