270 Sorensen et al.: Drivers of Public Participation in Urban Restoration Stewardship Programs scale questions were on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The survey was divided into six sections: views of community, views of local greenspaces, views and percep- tions of native plants, environmental identity and knowledge, demographics, and stewardship. The views of community, views and per- ceptions of native plants, and views of local greenspaces portions of the survey were com- posed of items developed and published in previous work (see Jordan et al. 2015). The views of community survey items focused on individuals’ perceptions of their community, or how cohesive or community-oriented they felt they believed themselves and others living in their community to be (civic-mindedness). Examples of such a survey item statements include: “Do you feel that people in your neighborhood feel community is important (or where you live is community-driven)?” and “Do you actively participate in any local groups or organizations in your community?” For stewardship interest and motivation, sur- vey items developed and published in Grese et al. (2000) were applied. These questions focused on future desires to engage in stewardship and what individuals perceive as benefits to them- selves for engaging in stewardship. Examples of such Likert-like survey items include: “Engag- ing in local stewardship of my community allows me to learn new skills” and “Engaging in local stewardship of my community protects natural places from disappearing.” To investi- gate interest or participation in stewardship, respondents were asked about their interest in participating in different local environmental stewardship opportunities (e.g., a cleanup event, collecting data about the plants in the experi- mental plots, maintaining the plots through weeding and watering, or attending cultural events, such as art days or nature walks) and the frequency to which respondents would be willing to participate in these opportuni- ties. The average value of responses to these questions was used as a dependent variable to investigate what factors influence participa- tion, or willingness to participate in, a steward- ship activity (later referred to as “stewardship score”). Additionally, respondents were asked ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture if they considered themselves stewards and this response was also used as dependent variable in the analysis. The demographic information collected from each survey respondent was age, highest education level, race, and income. The environmental identity items (views of the environment, personal environmental iden- tity, behavior towards the environment, and environmental preferences) were developed by the first and second author and the National Environmental Education Foundation (2015). The environmental identity portion of the sur- vey was composed of items framed around the operational definition of environmental iden- tity. Those developed by the authors were vet- ted through the Program in Science Learning at Rutgers University and published in prior research (see Jordan et al. 2015; Sorensen et al. 2015). Examples of the Likert-like survey items on views and personal action toward the environment/biodiversity included: “Pre- serving local biodiversity is important to me.” Examples of the Likert-like survey items on personal environmental identity included: “I consider myself an environmentalist,” “I believe I can have an impact on solving envi- ronmental issues,” and “I think climate change is in part caused by human actions.” Addition- ally, survey items of behavioral intent were included as a part of environmental identity (intention to act positively toward the envi- ronment). Survey items to assess behavioral intent included items such as, “I would sup- port policies to improve the Jamaica Bay eco- system” and “I would be willing to pay (up to/ more than) $25 per year to improve the Jamaica Bay ecosystem.” These survey items assessing environmental attitudes and behaviors have been previously published (Jordan et al. 2015; Clark et al. 2016), but specifics in the ques- tions were modified for the Jamaica Bay area. Analysis All data were analyzed using R, Version 3.3.3. Since this work hopes to help incorporate com- munity members into stewardship projects, the stewardship score was investigated across demo- graphic factors using analysis of variance. To de- termine what questions predicted if an individual
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