Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(1): January 2020 Bieker, D., and S. Rust. 2010. Electric resistivity tomography shows radial variation of electrolytes in Quercus robur. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 1189-1193. Brazee N.J., R.E. Marra, L. Göcke, and P. van Wassanaer. 2011. Nondestructive assessment of internal decay in three hard- wood species of northeastern North America using sonic and electrical impedance tomography. Forestry 84: 33-39. Burcham, D.C., N.J. Brazee, R.E. Marra, and B. Kane. 2019. Can sonic tomography predict loss in load-bearing capacity for trees with internal defects? A comparison on sonic tomo- grams with destructive measurements. Trees 33(3): 681-695. Coleman, J.S., C.W. Murdoch, R.J. Campana, and W.H. Smith. 1985. Decay resistance of elm wetwood. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 7: 151-154. Dal Maso, E., J. Cocking, and L. Montecchio. 2014. Efficacy tests on commercial fungicides against ash dieback in vitro and by trunk injection. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 697-703. Doccola, J.J., D.R. Smitley, T.W. Davis, J.J. Aiken, and P.M. Wild. 2011. Tree wound responses following systemic insec- ticide trunk injection treatments in green ash (Fraxinus pen- nysylvanica Marsh.) as determined by destructive autopsy. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37: 6-12. Gibbs, J.N., and J. Dickinson. 1975. Fungicide injection for the control of Dutch elm disease. Forestry 48: 165-181. Johnstone, D., G. Moore, M. Tausz, and M. Nicolas. 2010. The measurement of wood decay in landscape trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36: 121-127. Koeser, A.K., D.C. McLean, G. Hasing, and R.B. Allison. 2016. Frequency, severity, and detectability of internal trunk decay of street tree Quercus spp. in Tampa, Florida, U.S. Arboricul- ture & Urban Forestry 42: 217-225. Luley, C.J., D.J. Nowak, and E.J. Greenfield. 2009. Frequency and severity of trunk decay in street tree maples in four New York cities. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35: 94-98. Marra, R.E., N.J. Brazee, and S. Fraver. 2018. Estimating carbon loss due to internal decay in living trees using tomography: Implications for forest carbon budgets. Environmental Research Letters 13:105004. Neely, D. 1973. Tree wound healing and radial growth correlations. HortScience 8: 384-385. Neely, D. 1988. Tree wound closure. Journal of Arboriculture 14: 148-152. Perry, T.O., F.S. Santamour, R.J. Stipes, T. Shear, and A.L. Shigo. 1991. Exploring alternatives to tree injection. Journal of Arboriculture 17: 217-226. Sanchez-Zamora, M.A., and R. Fernandez-Escobar. 2004. Update and distribution of trunk injections in conifers. Journal of Arboriculture 30: 73-79. Shigo, A.L., and R. Campana. 1977. Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm. Journal of Arboriculture 3: 230-235. Sinclair, W.A., and H.H. Lyon. 2005. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 660 pp. Smith, K.T. 1988. Wounding, compartmentalization, and treat- ment tradeoffs. Journal of Arboriculture 14: 226-229. Smith, K.T., and P.A. Lewis. 2005. Potential concerns for tree wound response from stem injections. pp. 173-178. In: B. Onken and R. Reardon (Eds.). Proceedings of the Third 9 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Conference. USDA Forest Service, Asheville, North Carolina, USA. Stennes, M.A., and D.W. French. 1987. Distribution and retention of thiabendazole hypophosphite and carbendazim phosphate injected into mature American elms. Phytopathology 77: 707-712. Stipes, R.J. 2000. The management of Dutch elm disease. pp. 157-172. In: C.P. Dunn (Ed.). The Elms: Breeding, Conser- vation and Disease Management. Springer, Boston, Massa- chusetts, USA. VanWoerkom, A.H., S.G. Acimovic, G.W. Sundin, B.M. Cregg, D. Mota-Sanchez, C. Vandervoot, and J.C. Wise. 2014. Trunk injection: An alternative approach to pesticide delivery in apples. Crop Protection 65: 173-185. Wargo, P.M., and D.R. Houston. 1981. Root rot and damping off. pp. 45-48. In: R.J. Stipes and R.J. Campana (Eds.). Compen- dium of Elm Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Sad- dle River, New Jersey, USA. 663 pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported with funding from the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (MAS00029), UMass Exten- sion, and the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CONH653). We are grateful for the field assistance provided by Genevieve Higgins, Bob Presutti, Greg Dorr, Kelly Allen, and to the many tree wardens, arborists, ecologists, and homeowners that helped us locate and access American elms for this study. Nicholas J. Brazee (corresponding author) Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
[email protected] Robert E. Marra Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT, USA
[email protected] Conflicts of Interest The authors reported no conflicts of interest. Résumé. L’injection de fongicides est régulièrement effectuée afin de prévenir et traiter la maladie hollandaise (MHO) de l’orme d’Amérique (Ulmus americana). Dans le cadre d’une démarche destinée à mieux comprendre les effets à long terme de l’injection de fongicides sur la santé des arbres, la tomographie sonique (TS) et la tomographie par résistance électrique (TRE) furent utilisées pour déterminer de manière non-destructive l’incidence et la gravité de la carie interne dans la partie inférieure du tronc d’ormes d’Amérique situés en zones urbaines et en banlieues. Au total, 253 tomogrammes soniques et par résistance électrique ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
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