Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is a refereed, international journal that publishes high-quality research results on scientific and cultural aspects of the selection, establishment, culture, and maintenance of individual trees, as well as on the structure, function, and management of forests in and around human settlements. The journal welcomes reports of original research, reviews, and analyses that advance the professions of arboriculture and urban forestry. Subjects appropriate for submission include: tree biology, entomology, pathology, horticulture, biomechanics, risk management, soil science, urban forest benefits and management, and utility forestry. To be considered for publication, manuscripts must make a significant con- tribution to the advancement of knowledge and practice of arboriculture and urban forestry and have broad applicability and interest to an international audience. Contributions will be considered in the following categories: (1) Original Articles: Original fundamental or applied research that contributes to the scientific foundations that support the disci- plines of arboriculture and urban forestry. Abstracts should be structured and are limited to 250 words. (2) Review Articles: These include literature reviews or syntheses of previous work that identify trends, designate areas for new work, and/or compare competing theories. Abstracts should be unstructured and are limited to 250 words. (3) Short Communications: Appropriate for original research inves- tigations that report preliminary or novel results on limited data sets, and for analysis of procedures, equipment, or management systems that will lead to the improvement of best management practices. (4) Letters to the Editor: Letters should directly address ideas or facts presented in the Journal and should refer to material published within a year of the letter’s submission. Letters must not exceed 750 words in length and should not include tables or figures. The authors of the original publication will be given the opportunity to respond in the same issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. All manuscripts must be submitted to ScholarOne to be considered for review. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published to provide science-based infor- mation that promotes and encourages interchange of ideas among scientists, educators, and professionals working in arboriculture, urban forestry, and related disciplines. Contributions from both ISA members and nonmembers are welcome from all disciplines. Statement of Ownership Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published six times a year (bimonthly) by the International Society of Arboriculture, a nonprofit professional association, as a service to its membership. International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published by the International Society of Arboriculture, a worldwide professional organization dedicated to fos- tering a greater appreciation for trees and to promoting research, technol- ogy, and the professional practice of arboriculture and urban forestry. ISA Board of Directors Paul Johnson, President, Austin, Texas, USA Anne Beard, President-Elect, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Chris Walsh, Vice President, Christchurch, New Zealand Jim Flott, Treasurer, Spokane, Washington, USA Russ Carlson, Secretary, Bear, Delaware, USA Christopher Boza, Chattaroy, Washington, USA John Gathright, Seto, Aichi, Japan Dana Karcher, Belton, Texas, USA Cecil Konijnendijk, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Gordon Mann, Auburn, California, USA Gail Nozal, South Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Scott Prophett, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Tom Smiley, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Nicolaas Verloop, Harmelen, The Netherlands Herbert W. White, Wilmington, Delaware, USA Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Associate Editors L.R. Costello, University of California (Emeritus), San Francisco, California, USA William Elmendorf, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Francesco Ferrini, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy Daniel Herms, The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio, USA C.Y. Jim, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Daniel Marion, State University of New York–Finger Lakes, Canandaigua, New York, USA Peter May, University of Melbourne, May Horticultural Services, Melbourne, Australia Zhu Ning, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Bryant Scharenbroch, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA Alexia Stokes, INRA, Montpellier, France Maria-Luisa Tello, Madrid Institute of Agricultural Research, Madrid, Spain Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Staff ISA Executive Director, Caitlyn Pollihan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Editor-in-Chief, Jason C. Grabosky, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA ® ISSN 1935-5297 (print) ISSN 2155-0778 (online) © 2020, International Society of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Copyright. Submission of a manuscript implies the work has not been previously published in a refereed journal and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should be substantially different from previously published conference proceedings, industry-oriented publications, and locally published progress or exten- sion reports. All articles published in this journal are protected by copyright, which covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as well as all trans- lation rights. No material published in this journal may be reproduced without first obtaining written permission from the International Society of Arboriculture. Authors of articles published in this journal retain all rights to reproduce their work for internal or academic purposes as needed. ® Editor, Lindsey E. Mitchell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Editorial and Publishing Manager, Jamie Vidich, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Layout, Amy K. Reiss, Curlew, Washington, USA CEU quiz, Eric North, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA Cover Photo by Danny Navarro. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dannyfowler
January 2020
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