ARBORICULTURE ARBORICULTU URBAN FORESTRY Volume 34, Issue 3, May 2008 & CONTENTS Formerly the Journal of Arboriculture, 1975 – 2005 (Volumes 1 – 31) www.isa-arbor.com Jan Lukaszkiewicz and Marek Kosmala Determining the Age of Streetside Trees with Diameter at Breast Height-based Multifactorial Model .........137 Abstract. This article evaluates the possibility of determining tree age based simultaneously on diameter at breast height (dbh) (1.3 m [4.3 ſt]) and total tree height using common lime, common ash, and horsechestnut species. The first step was the identification and measuring groups of trees growing in similar conditions (streetside trees in Warsaw area, Poland) in which planting ages were known (mainly from archives). Next, multifactorial regression model was developed describing the growth of both tree parameters (dbh and height) over time. In the majority of cases, plotting tree age against diameter and height yielded a regression coefficient r value and determination coefficient r2 value above 0.9. For graphic interpretation of elaborated multifactorial models, nomograms were applied. This kind of graph allows explaining tree age based on both dbh and height of trees. Another step was verification. The resulting model was applied to unrelated groups of trees of known age. Mean bias values were established for each model. The difference between the actual age and mean age calculated with the model was less than ±15%. Presented model, although not meant for application to individual trees, might be useful to determine the age of groups of trees growing along streets and roads. Key Words. Common Ash; Common Lime; DBH–Height Regression Model; Horse Chestnut; Streetside Trees; Tree Age Nomograms. Tyler R. Stevenson, Henry D. Gerhold, and William F. Elmendorf Attitudes of Municipal Officials Toward Street Tree Programs in Pennsylvania, U.S. ......................................144 Abstract. Survey responses from 528 officials in 356 municipalities defined the developmental status of municipal street tree programs and the atti- tudes of three types of officials: elected chief officials, public works administrators, and municipal solicitors. In sustained programs, which had an ordi- nance, tree commission, inventory, and management plan, officials had more positive attitudes about trees than in developing programs, which had at least one of these elements, or in communities without a tree program. However, even in the latter, approximately half of the officials believed that benefits of street trees outweigh costs and any disadvantages, and 62% favored starting a tree program. No tree programs exist in 46% of the cities, 82% of the boroughs, and 97% of the townships, so there are many opportunities and also important barriers. Incomplete understanding of the benefits of trees and tree care practices leads to low public support, insufficient funding, and inadequate personnel and equipment. Most officials favor spending some money on trees but regard tree programs as less important than other civic responsibilities. Officials may be persuaded to start or improve tree programs by explaining benefits more fully and how public safety can be improved by proper pruning, inventories that locate dangerous trees, and management plans that arrange to remove them. Furthermore, funding may be alleviated by using volunteers, grants, and available technical advice. Key Words. Attitudes; Municipal Officials; Ordinances; Pennsylvania; Street Trees; Tree Commissions; Urban and Community Forestry. William Elmendorf The Importance of Trees and Nature in Community: A Review of the Relative Literature ..............................152 Abstract. A growing body of literature and experience revolves around the beneficial and connected relationships among nature, social set- tings, and social processes like interaction. This literature argues that the natural environment is a critical component of personal and com- munity pride and well-being and a stimulus for collaborative action. Furthermore, it argues that empowering people to become involved in the process of landscape and park creation and maintenance increases social interaction, builds community capacity, and supports both devel- opment of community and community. Tree plantings and other civic environmental projects can be used to promote both healthy environ- ments and healthy social structure even in the most deteriorated neighbor-hoods. As such, participatory environmental projects are strong tools of community development, and the work of arborists and urban foresters can play an important part in the process of community. Key Words. Civic Environmentalism; Community; Community Capacity; Community Development; Empowerment; Interaction; Shared and Structured Symbols; Tree Planting. ©2008 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
May 2008
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