164 Table 1. Details of the five experimental sites. Beech Farm Latitude and longitude National grid reference Altitude (m O.D.) Annual rainfall (mm) Windiness (DAMS) scorez Ground preparation Soil thickness (m) Topsoil pHy Topsoil organic carbon (%) Topsoil phosphorus (mg/L)y Topsoil potassium (mg/L)y Planting year 51.78N, 0.26W TL 200100 80 675 12 Soil and soil-forming materials Sandy loam topsoil and subsoil Complete cultivation to 1.0 m using excavator 1.0 6.9–7.2 1.8 9.2 79 1993/1996 Moffat et al.: Experimental Tree Planting on U.K. Containment Landfill Sites Grunty Fen 52.40N, 0.20E TL 497798 13 550 12 300 mm clay topsoil over clay subsoil Complete cultivation to 1.0 m using excavator 1.0 7.3–8.1 3.7 16.1 303 1994 Pimbo 53.53N, 2.74W SD 512040 105 900 13 Loose tipping 1.5 8.0–8.7 1.4 16.2 81 1994 Shaw Tip 51.57N, 1.83W SU 122858 100 700 12 Loose tipping 1.5 8.3 1.2 4.0 88 1994 Yanley 51.43N, 2.64W ST 556698 20 900 10 Imported, various Coral Rag limestone 100 mm topsoil over Keuper Marl Complete cultivation to 1.0 m using excavator 1.5 8.0–8.3 4.6 8.0 82 1994 zThe DAMS windiness score is a function of elevation, topographic exposure, aspect, funneling effects, and wind zoning of the country (Bell et al. 1995). ySoil analyses follow Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1986). to tolerance to soil pH, texture, and risk of drought. Ash (Fraxi- nus excelsior L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Corsican pine (Pi- nus nigra var. maritima [Ait.] Melville), English oak (Quercus robur L.), hybrid larch (Larix × marschlinsii Coaz), Italian alder (Alnus cordata [Loisel.] Duby), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi [Lamb.] Carr.), Leyland cypress (× Cupressocyparis leylandii [Dallimore and Jackson] Farjon), Norway maple (Acer plata- noides L.), silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), whitebeam (Sorbus aria [L.] Crantz), white poplar (Populus alba L.), and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) were used. A selection of broadly similar species was made at Yanley, Beech Farm, Pimbo, and Grunty Fen; but at Shaw Tip, beech, Leyland cypress, and silver maple were chosen for their reported ability to tolerate soil substrates of high pH. Bare-rooted transplants were used for all experiments, except poplar, which was planted as rooted cuttings, and pine and cy- press, which were cell-grown in Japanese paper pots. Trees were planted at 1.5 m (5 ft) spacing following standard practice for brownfield and urban sites (Moffat and McNeill 1994; Hodge 1995). The Beech Farm site was planted in March 1993 and the four other sites between December 1993 and March 1994. Early tree performance of almost all species was disappointing at Beech Farm survival 0.86 0.69 0.78 0.36 0.77 0.41 0.94 0.78 SE Grunty Fen survival 0.14 0.48 0.08 0.00 Beech Farm, and excavation revealed severe soil compaction below the topsoil, which prevented root penetration and exploi- tation (Bending and Moffat 1997). The site was therefore totally cultivated (i.e., the soil was mechanically excavated and loose- tipped back into place) to 1 m (3.3 ft) depth in Fall 1995 before complete replanting of the experimental plots in January 1996. At some other sites, too, one or two species failed in the first 2 years, and the decision was made to replace the species plots with an alternative. Trees were protected from rabbit browsing using standard forestry fencing at all sites. Deer fencing was erected at those sites where there was obvious deer pressure. However, it became necessary to install such fencing at Yanley in 2002 as a result of significant browsing damage there. Weed growth was controlled using contact and residual herbicides for the first 3 years of the project and thereafter by selective mechanical weeding once or twice per year if required. Weed control stopped when trees had grown to sufficient height to be relatively unaffected by weed com- petition, at Beech Farm in 2001 and at the other sites in 1999. Tree height was measured at planting and the condition and survival of trees assessed in July each year using the inner matrix of 16 trees in each plot with visits in September to determine Table 2. Estimated tree survival probabilities after eight growing seasons (nine for beech at Shaw Tip). Species SE Ash Beech Corsican pine English oak Hybrid larch Italian alder Leyland cypress Norway maple Silver maple Sycamore White poplar Whitebeam Wild cherry SE standard error. ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture 0.128 0.081 0.094 0.083 0.91 0.096 0.047 0.081 0.38 0.55 0.91 0.47 0.095 0.097 0.057 0.098 0.44 0.88 0.77 0.80 0.097 0.065 0.083 0.079 0.88 0.77 0.80 0.057 0.065 0.083 0.079 0.41 0.83 0.55 0.19 0.096 0.074 0.097 0.076 0.098 0.052 0.001 0.52 0.64 0.29 0.098 0.094 0.103 0.77 0.55 0.083 0.097 0.068 0.068 Pimbo survival SE 0.88 0.065 Shaw Tip survival 0.98 0.81 SE 0.024 0.076 Yanley survival SE 0.66 0.52 0.63 0.41 0.093 0.098 0.095 0.096
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