Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(3): May 2008 (Juglans nigra L.), holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), Eucalyptus spp., and Nothofagus spp. Such species are, of course, nonnative to the British Isles. Of the species tested and found to be relatively successful, some caution should be exercised on mineral-capped landfills if selecting poplar and alder species. Bending and Moffat (1997) found that poplar roots were effective in penetrating clay compacted to levels required of mineral caps (greater than 1.8 g/cm; 15.0 lb gallon–1), and Hutchings et al. (2001, 2006) ob- tained similar results for alder species on a containment landfill in Hertfordshire. These species are relatively tolerant of soil anaerobism and might be expected to pose a risk of root pen- etration on landfills where the cap suffers from weakness in its fabric and/or is unprotected by an artificial capping layer. The likelihood of downward root growth toward and potentially into the landfill cap will be exacerbated by climate change in south- ern and eastern England. It is therefore important to consider the water demands of a mature woodland established on soil mate- rials over a mineral cap at the time of soil placement to provide sufficient thickness to supply plant-available water during future summer months. This may require a soil thickness in excess of 1.5m(5 ft) in eastern parts of England, depending on soil texture and stoniness (Moffat 1995). CONCLUSIONS The trees on the experimental landfill sites are relatively young (10 years old), and the interaction between tree rooting and the landfill cap environment is expected to become more complex as the trees grow and mature and begin to encounter further limi- tations to growth. The five experiments are thus a valuable re- source as a means of monitoring species tolerance and perfor- mance on landfill sites over time and as a potential source of material on which to study root/landfill cap interactions in the future. More reliable information on both these issues will be- come available as the monitoring plots mature. Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (now Department of Communities and Local Government) for funding the research reported here, in particular Dr. Tom Simpson for his support. We thank the various landfill owners for supporting the experimental work on their land. Forest Research colleagues in the Technical Support Unit and Nigel Bending gathered most of the field data. Ernest Ward was responsible for chemical analysis of the foliar samples. Lesley Halsall kindly provided the regional yield class data and Gill Tuck (Rothamsted Research) provided soil moisture deficit data from Broom’s Barn. LITERATURE CITED Auchmoody, L.R., and H.C. Smith. 1977. Response of yellow-poplar and red oak to fertilization in West Virginia. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41:803–807. Bell, P.D., C.P. Quine, and J.A. Wright. 1995. The use of digital terrain models to calculate windiness scores for the windthrow hazard clas- sification. Scottish Forestry 49:217–225. Bending, N.A.D., S.G. McRae, and A.J. Moffat. 1999. The Use of Soil-Forming Materials in Land Reclamation. The Stationery Office, London. Bending, N.A.D., and A.J. Moffat. 1997. Tree Establishment on Landfill Sites. Research and Updated Guidance. Forestry Commission, Edin- burgh. British Standards Institution. 1994. BS3882: Specification for Topsoil. BSI, London. Broadmeadow, M., D. Ray, L. Sing, and L. Poulsom. 2004. Climate 171 change and British woodland: What does the future hold? In Forest Research Annual Report and Accounts 2002–2003. pp. 70–83. California Integrated Waste Management Board. 1999. A Guide to the Revegetation and Environmental Restoration of Closed Landfills. www.ciwmb.ca.gov/LEACentral/Closure/Revegetate/ (accessed 5/2/ 2008). Callan, N.W., and M.P. Westcott. 1996. Drip irrigation for application of potassium to tart cherry. Journal of Plant Nutrition 19:163–172. Cannell, M.G.R., J. Grace, and A. Booth. 1989. Possible impacts of climatic warming on trees and forests in the UK: A review. Forestry 62:337–364. Department of the Environment. 1986. Landfilling Wastes. Waste Man- agement Paper No. 26. HMSO, London. ———1996. The Reclamation of Mineral Workings. Minerals Planning Guidance Note 7. The Stationery Office, London. Dobson, M.C., and A.J. Moffat. 1993. The Potential for Woodland Es- tablishment on Landfill Sites. HMSO, London. Edwards, P.N., and J.M. Christie. 1981. Yield Models for Forest Man- agement. Forestry Commission Booklet 48. HMSO, London. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Landfill Manuals. Landfill Restoration and Aftercare. Environmental Protection Agency, Wex- ford. GenStat. 2005. The Guide to GenStat Release 8.1 Part 2: Statistics. In: Payne, R.W. (Ed.). Lawes Agricultural Trust (Rothamsted Experi- mental Station). VSN International, Oxford. Handel, S., and J. McLaughlin. 2006. Reclamation Strategy for Capped Landfill Aims Toward Woodland Restoration. US EPA Technology Innovation Program Technology News and Trends No. 26. http:// cluin.org/products/newsltrs/tnandt/view.cfm?issue1006.cfm#4 (ac- cessed 5/2/2008). Hart, C. 1991. Practical Forestry for the Agent and Surveyor. Alan Sutton, Stroud. Hodge, S.J. 1995. Creating and Managing Woodlands Around Towns. Forestry Commission Handbook 11. HMSO, London. Hodgson, J.M. 1976. Soil Survey Field Handbook. Soil Survey of Eng- land and Wales Technical Monograph No. 5. Harpenden. Hulme, M., G.J. Jenkins, X. Lu, J.R. Turnpenny, T.D. Mitchell, R.G. Jones, J. Lowe, J.M. Murphy, D. Hassell, P. Boorman, R. McDonald, and S. Hill. 2002. Climate Change Scenarios for the United King- dom: The UKCIP02 Scientific Report. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich. 120 pp. Hutchings, T.R., A.J. Moffat, and R.A. Kemp. 2001. Effects of rooting and tree growth of selected woodland species on cap integrity in a mineral capped landfill site. Waste Management & Research 19: 194–200. Hutchings, T.R., D. Sinnett, A.J. Peace, and A.J. Moffat. 2006. The effect of woodland growth on a containment landfill site in Hertford- shire, UK. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5:169–176. Kennedy, F., and A. Moffat. 1999. Tree species selection for restored landfills. Waste Planning 33:7–8. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1986. The Analysis of Ag- ricultural Materials. MAFF Reference Book 427. HMSO, London. Moffat, A.J. 1995. Minimum soil depths for the establishment of wood- land on disturbed ground. Arboricultural Journal 19:19–27. ———. 2006. The Use of Sewage Sludges and Composts in Forestry. Forestry Commission Information Note 79, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. Moffat, A.J., and T.J. Houston. 1991. Tree establishment and growth at Pitsea landfill site, Essex, UK. Waste Management & Research 9: 35–46. Moffat, A.J., and J.D. McNeill. 1994. Reclaiming Disturbed Land for Forestry. Forestry Commission Bulletin 110. HMSO, London. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. 2006. Revegetating Landfills and Waste Containment Areas Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-06-001). US EPA. www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/ revegetating_fact_sheet.pdf (accessed 5/2/2008). ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture
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