202 Anella et al.: Growth of Balled-and-Burlapped vs. Bare-Root Trees similar and only shoot growth in 2005 for Autumn Blaze trees was different. Balled-in-burlapped Autumn Blaze grew more than bare-root trees. Most studies investigating the optimal season for transplanting compare fall with spring and survival and growth are often found to be species-dependent. Harris and Bassuk (1994) found that green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and tree lilac (Syringa re- ticulata) transplanted well throughout the spring or fall, but that scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) and Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna) had greater survival rates when transplanted early spring or midfall but not late spring and early fall. In this study, there was no evidence to suggest that winter or spring planting was advantageous for baldcypress. Only shoot growth of London plane in 2004 was greater in spring than during winter, but the next year, growth was similar suggesting that planting season had little performance influence. Autumn Blaze planted in spring had greater growth for three of the four parameters measured, suggesting that spring planting was advantageous compared with winter planting. In this study, trees dug bare-root with a U-blade had a 37% higher root/shoot ratio than trees dug with a tree spade B&B. Watson and Himelick (1997) found that up to 90% of the root system is left in the soil when trees are dug by the traditional B&B method, whereas Haug (1996) reported that trees dug bare- root had 200% more roots than trees dug B&B. The greater root/shoot ratio of bare-root trees in this study did not result in greater growth. Baldcypress, London plane, and Autumn Blaze can be planted using the bare-root method described by Buckstrup and Bassuk (2001) with irrigation even where summer heat and drought create challenges for trees. Planting in spring has little, if any, benefit over planting in January in Oklahoma for the species studied. These findings indicate that bare-root planting is not limited to cooler regions of the United States. Community forestry pro- grams in the southern United States can benefit from the advan- tages offered by bare-root planting when drip irrigation is used. In this study, a crew of three people planted all the bare-root trees using a small tractor and a box blade in less time than a crew of five people working with a front-end loader could un- load the B&B trees from the trailer. Acknowledgments. We thank the Oklahoma Urban and Community Forestry Council for funding this project and Mike Smith and Ioannis Oikonomakos for help with statistical analysis. LITERATURE CITED Buckstrup, M. 2004. Secrets laid bare. American Nurseryman Aug. 15:28–30. Buckstrup, M.J., and N.L. Bassuk. 2000. Transplanting success of balled-and-burlapped versus bare-root trees in the urban landscape. Journal of Arboriculture 26:298–308. ———. 2001. Creating the Urban Forest: The Bare Root Method. Ur- ban Horticulture Institute, Ithaca, NY. 16 pp. Englert, J.M., K. Warren, L.H. Fuchigami, and T.H.H. Chen. 1993. Antidesiccant compounds improve the survival of bare-root decidu- ous nursery trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118:228–235. Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, irrigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae-forming fungi on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Arboriculture 27:30–38. ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture Gilman, E.F., J. Grabosky, A. Stodola, and M.D. Marshall. 2003. Irri- gation and container type impact re maple (Acer rubrum L.) 5 years after landscape planting. Journal of Arboriculture 29:231–235. Harris, R.J., and N.L. Bassuk. 1994. Seasonal effects on transplantability of scarlet oak, green ash, Turkish hazelnut, and tree lilac. Journal of Arboriculture 20:310–316. Harris, R.J., P. Knight, and J. Fanelli. 1996. Fall transplanting improves establishment of balled and burlapped fringe tree (Chionanthus vir- ginicus L.). HortScience 31:1143–1145. Haug, M.C. 1996. Increasing transplant success of bare-root street trees by minimizing water stress during handling. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, MS Thesis. Marshall, M.D., and E.F. Gilman. 1998. Effects of nursery container type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum L. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 15:55–59. Mesonet. 2007. The Oklahoma climatological survey. www.ocs.ou.edu (accessed 7/24/2007). Trowbridge, P.J., and N.L. Bassuk. 2004. Trees in the Urban Landscape. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 207 pp. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelick. 1997. Principles and Practice of Planting Trees and Shrubs. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 199 pp. Louis Anella (corresponding author) Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Oklahoma State University 358 Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.
[email protected] Thomas C. Hennessey Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University 008C Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.
[email protected] Edward M. Lorenzi Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University 008C Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.
[email protected] Résumé. Des tests de tirage ont été menés sur des Quercus virginiana ‘SDLN’ PP#12015 Cathedral Oak nouvellement plantésde7cmde calibre qui avaient été cultivés en pot, et ce afin de simuler une poussée par le vent sur neuf types de système de stabilisation d’arbres commu- nément employés. La comparaison des différents systèmes s’est faite au moyen d’une mesure de la force requise pour incliner la motte de racines de 20°. Les systèmes Terra Toggle™, Brooks Tree Brace et 2×2s ont permis un ancrage des mottes avec les plus grandes forces. Typique- ment, les arbres stabilisés avec ces trois systèmes se sont brisés avant que le système lui-même ne lâche, ce qui indique que ces systèmes étaient efficaces. Les systèmes T-stakes, à goujons et Tree-Staple™ n’ont pas mieux performé que dans le cas des arbres du groupe témoin sans système. Les trois système testés, soient ArborBrace, Duckbill et rebar & ArborTie étaient statistiquement similaires entre eux et les arbres requéraient une plus grande force au bris que dans le cas de ceux du groupe témoin, mais ils étaient moins efficaces que les trois premiers systèmes qui ont été nommésprécédemment. La direction du tirage
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