©2023 International Society of Arboriculture ii (both p < 0.001) but is independent of impervious cover and local site conditions. Similarly, stem growth does not change within the city under- lining the resilience of London planes to cope with highly diverse urban site conditions. Plane tree-ring widths were only weakly associated with exfoliation estimates (p < 0.05) but strongly controlled by cold season temperatures (p < 0.001). Conclusions: As tree growth was also not affected by summer drought, potential detrimental effects by limited infiltration, increased runoff and altered evaporation are of less concern for the plane trees in Mainz. Projected winter warming is likely to enhance urban plane growth in upcoming decades. Keywords. Dendrochronology; Mainz, Germany; Platanus × acerifolia; Urban Warming. Sara Barron, Emily Rugel, Zhaohua Cheng, Lorien Nesbitt, Stephen Sheppard, Agatha Czekajlo, and Cynthia Girling Achieving the Urban Tree Trifecta: Scenario Modelling for Salubrious, Resilient, and Diverse Urban Forests in Densifying Cities ...................................................................... 313 Abstract. Background: Urban forests can provide nature-based solutions (NBS) to complex climate-change challenges via the provision of ecosystem services such as shade and cooling that offset increased risks of chronic diseases and excess mortality. They also confer indirect health benefits by providing regulating ecosystem services that can facilitate climate-change mitigation efforts: increased shade can encourage shifts to lower-carbon transportation methods such as walking and cycling, for example. However, in order to ensure that urban forests are both resilient to threats and confer the maximum possible benefits, we must be able to project decades into the future in order to understand the impli- cations of current urban forestry decisions. Methods: This study outlines a framework for creating urban-forest scenario models and reports the results of a case study conducted to highlight the ways in which decisions made at each stage of the scenario-development process impact its outcomes and application. Our case study focused on a neighbourhood in Vancouver, Canada, that is simultaneously undergoing urban densi- fication and aiming to significantly increase canopy cover by 2050. Three distinct aims were identified for the case study: maximizing public- health benefits, selecting climate-resilient tree species, and integrating planting across public and private lands to advance diversity. To achieve these aims, baseline information on the neighbourhood’s existing tree network was collected, entered into GIS software, and delineated based on a set of pre-identified characteristics. Next, a list of climate-adapted species was developed. This climate-adapted species list was then vir- tually “planted” across the neighbourhood, using a combination of machine-based and manual planting techniques. Finally, the resulting sce- nario model was quantitatively assessed to understand its composition and impacts. Results: Our study demonstrates that a salubrious, resilient, and diverse urban forest can be created via a strategic program that complements extant trees in the public domain with planting programs along blue-green streets and on private property. Conclusions: Achieving the urban tree trifecta will require collaboration among municipal depart- ments and the development of a range of public and private initiatives, but it has the potential to maximize nature-based solutions in cities facing rapid shifts due to densification and climate change. Keywords. Biodiversity; Modelling; Nature-Based Solutions; Scenario Planning; Urban Forest. Nafiseh Sadat Mousavi Javardi, Maneezheh Pakravan, Parisa Panahi, and Roghaieh Zarei Assessment of the Relationships Between Leaf Characteristics with Air Pollutants: A Case Study on Oriental Plane (Platanus orientalis L.) and Caucasian Hackberry (Celtis caucasica Willd.) ........................................................................................................... 329 Abstract. Background: Plants are sensitive to air pollution by altering their vital processes such as growth or photosynthesis. Leaf characteris- tics reflect the adaptive mechanism of plants to their environment. This mechanism is demonstrated through changes in anatomical, morpho- logical, and physiological characteristics relative to environmental changes. Methods: Samples were taken from 2 species of Platanus orientalis L. and Celtis caucasica Willd. in 10 urban forests of Tehran, Iran. In each study area, 50 leaves were collected from different directions of the canopy of each tree, and their area was measured by a leaf area meter instrument in a laboratory. Leaf moisture and specific leaf area (SLA) were also calculated. The data of air pollutants were obtained from the nearest pollution measurement stations to each study location. Results: The average percentage of moisture for P. orientalis and C. caucasica was calculated as 49.6% and 41.9%, respectively. The averages of SLA were estimated 9.2 and 6.5 cm2/g, respectively. The average leaf area was 36 and 6.04 cm2, respectively. The correlation between quantitative vari- ables of leaf (leaf area and SLA) and air pollutant appeared in both study species, only there was a significant negative relationship between leaf area and O3. This relationship was stronger in C. caucasica (R2 = − 0.78). Conclusions: The results of this research showed that both spe- cies showed similar behavior against air pollutants, but C. caucasica showed more reaction. Keywords. Plant Reaction; Unhealthy Air; Urban Trees.
November 2023
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