294 O’Bryan et al.: Economic Patterns in U.S. Arboriculture Table 2. Growth of ornamental shrub and tree services.z Year Establishments (number) 1992 3951 1997 6916 2002 26,372 Implicit annual growth rate (%) 11.85% 30.69% zDefinitions of column titles are in the text. yAll dollar amounts in 2002 dollars. Establishment refers to a business address and not neces- sarily a firm. A single firm may have several establishments. The estimated number of utility services establishments (1000) was subtracted from the total number of ornamental shrub and tree service establishments to arrive at the number of arboricultural establishments. The number of nonemployer arboricultural establishments was calculated using the as- sumptions that each nonemployer worker corresponds to an individual establishment and that the ratio defined also ap- plies to nonemployer arboricultural workers. We acknowl- edge that this method may be somewhat imprecise, but it is the most reasonable proportioning device available (Carlton and Perloff 2005). Estimates for numbers of employees pose the same prob- lem as for establishments. The ratio applied was also used to estimate the total number of workers employed in arboricul- ture. This estimate depends on the assumptions that receipts earned per employee in arboriculture are identical to receipts earned per landscape worker, and the ratio of support per- sonnel per landscape worker is identical between ornamental shrub and tree services and lawn and garden services. Like previously stated, there is some level of impreciseness, but this is the most logical method. The end result does include utility services workers and these (based on expert opinion as mentioned previously) must be subtracted. The total employ- ment for the arboricultural industry was estimated with the following equation: AE = OSRLSR * LE − VE + NE + ME (1) where AE is total arboricultural employees, OSR is the total ornamental shrub and tree service receipts, LSR is the total landscaping services receipts, LE is the employment for land- scaping services, VE is the estimated employment for utility services, NE is the estimated employment for nonemployer arboricultural services, and ME is the estimated employment for in-house arboricultural services. The geographical scope in which arboricultural firms con- duct business varies from local to international. Local firms conduct business within a local geographical region, usually defined by daily driving range. Local firms typically own one or a few establishments within one or a few states and employ fewer than 100 workers if the firm is in the arboricultural industry or fewer than 400 workers if the firm is in the utility services industry. Regional firms conduct business in mul- tiple states. Regional arboriculture firms typically own sev- eral establishments in a few states and employ 100 to 499 workers. Regional utility services firms typically employ 400 to 3499 workers. National arboricultural companies typically own several establishments in several states across regions in the United States and employ more than 500 workers in the Table 3. Quantitative breakdown of the arboriculture and utility services industries based on data and definitions from the text, 2002. Code Structural tier NAICS 561730 Landscaping services (employer) PLC 38251 PLC 38252 Lawn and garden services Ornamental shrub and tree services Utility services Arboriculture services (nonemployer) BLS 37-3013 In-house arboriculture services Total arboriculture industry ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture Establishments (number) 76,458 67,986 26,372 1000 NAICS 561730 Landscaping services (nonemployer) 209,072 Arboriculture services (employer) 25,372 56,394 81,766 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (2004a, 2004b; Bureau of Labor Statistics 2003). Receipts ($1000) Employees (number) 35,235,452 514,962 23,316,436 365,839 9,504,199 149,123 2,000,000 53,900 4,811,183 209,072 7,504,199 95,223 1,297,740 56,394 5,400 8,801,939 157,017 Receipts per establishment $461,000 343,000 360,000 2,000,000 296,000 296,000 23,000 Employees per establishment (number) 6.7 5.4 5.7 53.9 1.0 3.8 1.0 Employment (number) 49,416 61,519 149,123 Implicit annual growth rate (%) 4.48% 19.37% Reported receipts ($1000) 3,014,376 3,639,841 9,504,199 Real receiptsy ($1000) 3,865,191 4,079,797 9,504,199 Implicit annual growth rate (%) 1.09% 18.43%
July 2007
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