Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(4): July 2007 301 quickly in urban as opposed to rural and undeveloped set- tings. Subsequently, proactive management of urban forests can be challenging and requires the availability of current and comprehensive information. Geospatial tools, such as, geo- graphic information systems (GIS), global positioning sys- tems (GPS) and remote sensing, work extremely well to- gether for gathering, analyzing, and reporting information. Many urban forest management questions could be quickly and effectively addressed using geospatial methods and tools. The geospatial tools can provide timely and extensive spatial data from which urban forest attributes can be derived, such as land cover, forest structure, species composition and con- dition, heat island effects, and carbon storage. Emerging geo- spatial tools that could be adapted for urban forest applica- tions include data fusion, virtual reality, three-dimensional visualization, Internet delivery, modeling, and emergency re- sponse. (Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2007. 6(1):15– 22) RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND THE OAK RESOURCE OF THE MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL METROPOLITAN AREA FROM 1991 TO 1998 Kathryn Kromroy, Kathleen Ward, Paul Castillo, and Jennifer Juzwik Urbanization was associated with loss and transformation of the oak forest in the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) metropolitan area (TCMA) over a recent 7-year interval. Be- tween 1991 and 1998, urbanization increased based on sev- eral indicators: population density, area of developed land, and area of impervious surface—total impervious area and area within three classes of increasing degree of impervious- ness (protected, affected, and degraded). We quantified rela- tionships between changes in urbanization and changes in several parameters describing the oak forest at the scale of ecological subsection. Increased total and affected impervi- ous area were strongly correlated with decreased area of oak forest when changes of the urbanization indicators and oak were expressed as percentages of the subsection area. Rela- tionships were reversed when changes were expressed as per- centages of the 1991 values. Increased population density was strongly correlated with increased loss in numbers and increased isolation of oak patches, but weakly correlated with loss of oak forest area. This is the first study to quantify relationships between changes in urbanization and changes in a specific forest cover type. Our results demonstrate com- plexities of urbanization impacts on a metropolitan forest resource, and highlight the importance of selected variables, spatial and temporal scales, and expressions of change when quantifying these relationships. (Landscape and Urban Plan- ning 2007. 80(4):375–385) GROWTH OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH. THE FIRST SEASON AFTER TRANSPLANTING AT TWO PHENOLOGICAL STAGES Ingjerd Solfjeld and Per Anker Pedersen The root extension rate of Betula pendula, transplanted at two phenological stages, was studied in a Nordic climate. Land- scape-size trees were transplanted from the field into root- study boxes (rhizotron) in early and late spring of 1999 and 2000. In early spring, 6 trees were transplanted when the leaves had just started to unfold; likewise, in late spring, six trees were transplanted when the leaves were fully unfolded and the shoot extension was in progress. Root growth was recorded during the first post-transplant season and the tree roots were finally excavated. Results indicate that the root extension rate of B. pendula follows seasonal soil tempera- ture. The mean root extension rates at ten days intervals var- ied from 4 to 11 mm/day with a total average for the growing season of 7 mm/day in 1999 and varied from 4 to 9 mm/day with a total average for the growing season of 4 mm/day for 2000. The average length of new roots was 89 cm and there was no significant difference in length, dry weight or number of new roots between the two transplant times. It appears, therefore, that the phenological stage at transplanting during the period from bud break to fully developed leaves has mi- nor effect on landscape establishment of B. pendula, when an adequate amount of water is provided. (Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2006. 5:101–106) ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2007
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