Table of Contents Emma Schaffert and Glynn Percival The Influence of Biochar, Slow-Release Molasses, and an Organic N:P:K Fertilizer on Transplant Survival of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien’ ................................................ 102 Abstract. High mortality rates result from transplanting bare-rooted plants into urban landscapes where unsuitable soil conditions, such as low fertility and poor structure, oſten exist. Coupled with little aſtercare, these losses can cause high economic losses to the industry. Previous stud- ies have shown lowered transplant stress and higher survival rates through the addition of soil amendments at the time of planting to improve soil conditions. The efficacy of three soil amendments applied singly and in combination—biochar, slow-release molasses, and an organic N:P:K fertilizer—were investigated for their potential to reduce transplant losses of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien. Results of this investiga- tion showed that use of these soil amendments in virtually all cases had significant positive effects on tree growth and vitality across two grow- ing seasons. For example, all amendments reduced mortality of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien’ by 20% compared to none in treated controls, while increases in fruit yield and crown canopy coverage per tree ranged from 19.3% to 46.7% and 14.4% to 31.1% over non-amended soils when averaged over two growing seasons. Amendments of biochar with an organic N:P:K fertilizer and an organic N:P:K fertilizer alone showed, on average, the highest improvements in vitality and growth. Results indicate use of biochar, slow-release molasses, and organic N:P:K fertilizer amendments offer potential for increasing bare-root transplant survival and establishment of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien. Key Words. Biochar; Fertilizer; Pyrus communis; Soil Amendments; Transplant Stress; Tree Mortality; Tree Planting; Urban Trees. Monica L. Elliott, Timothy K. Broschat, and Lothar Göcke Preliminary Evaluation of Electrical Resistance Tomography for Imaging Palm Trunks ................111 Abstract. In a preliminary study, electrical resistance tomography (ERT) was used to obtain trunk images of Syagrus romanzoffi- ana, a common ornamental palm grown in southern Florida, U.S. Seven palms, four healthy and three diseased, were evaluated in the middle of the dry season, with four located in an irrigated site and three in a non-irrigated site. Two healthy and three diseased palms were felled and cross sections obtained to examine their internal structure and compare to the tomograms obtained. ERT was effec- tive in illustrating the relative electrical resistance value of healthy palms, as the tomograms obtained for palms situated in the irri- gated site (low electrical resistivity) were distinctly different from the tomograms of palms situated in the non-irrigated site (high electri- cal resistivity). ERT was also effective in visualizing internal palm trunk areas affected by the fungal pathogens Ganoderma zonatum, a wood decay pathogen, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, a vascular wilt pathogen, as these areas had a low electrical resistivity. Key Words. Electrical Resistance Tomography; Electrical Resistivity; Florida; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum; Ganoderma zonatum; Palms; Syagrus romanzoffiana; Wood Decay. Adam Berland, Dustin L. Herrmann, and Matthew E. Hopton National Assessment of Tree City USA Participation According to Geography and Socioeconomic Characteristics .................................................................................................... 120 Abstract. Tree City USA is a national program that recognizes municipal commitment to community forestry. In return for meeting program requirements, Tree City USA participants expect social, economic, and/or environmental benefits. Understanding the geographic distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of Tree City USA communities at the national scale can offer insights into the motivations or barriers to pro- gram participation, and provide context for community forestry research at finer scales. In this study, researchers assessed patterns in Tree City USA participation for all U.S. communities with more than 2,500 people according to geography, community population size, and socioeco- nomic characteristics, such as income, education, and race. Nationally, 23.5% of communities studied were Tree City USA participants, and this accounted for 53.9% of the total population in these communities. Tree City USA participation rates varied substantially by U.S. region, but in each region participation rates were higher in larger communities, and long-term participants tended to be larger communities than more recent enrollees. In logistic regression models, owner occupancy rates were significant negative predictors of Tree City USA participation, education and percent white population were positive predictors in many U.S. regions, and inconsistent patterns were observed for income and popula- tion age. The findings indicate that communities with smaller populations, lower education levels, and higher minority populations are under- served regionally by Tree City USA, and future efforts should identify and overcome barriers to participation in these types of communities. Key Words. Arbor Day Foundation; Community Forestry; Community Size; Geographic Region; Green Infrastructure; Municipal Manage- ment; Tree City USA. ©2016 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
March 2016
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