118 Elliott et al.: Evaluation of Electrical Resistance Tomography for Imaging Palm Trunks Figure 5. Illustrations of a healthy, propiconazole-injected Syagrus romanzoffiana in Palm Beach County, Florida, in March 2014 (Palm A). The tomograph and cross sections are oriented in the same direction with nail number 8 located at the bottom left (rain- drop in tomogram; finger in photograph, which is pointing at the injection site). The tomogram was obtained at 38 cm trunk height above the soil line. The right and left cross sections were located 130 cm and 38 cm above the soil line, respectively. The blue color of the tomogram indicates low electrical resistance, and the red color indicates high electrical resistance. LITERATURE CITED Abdullah, J., H. Hassan, M.R. Shari, S. Mohd, M. Mustapha, A.A. Mahmood, S. Jamaludin, M.R. Ngah, and N.H. Hamid. 2013. GammaScorpion: Mobile gamma-ray tomography system for early detection of basal stem rot in oil palm plantations. Optical Engineering 52:036502-1-036502-11. al Hagrey, S.A. 2006. Electrical resistivity imaging of tree trunks. Near Surface Geophysics 4:179–187. al Hagrey, S.A. 2007. Geophysical imaging of root-zone, trunk, and moisture heterogeneity. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:839–854. Alghamdi, A.A. 2012. Monte Carlo simulation of neutron tomog- raphy for palm weevil detection. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 291:359–364. Al-Sulaiman, F., and M. Hawwa. 2012. IC tomography and infra- red tomography techniques to monitor defect sites in palm tree trunks. Advance Materials Research 445:1053–1057. Bieker, D., R. Kehr, G. Weber, and S. Rust. 2010. Non-destructive monitoring of early stages of white rot by Trametes versicolor in Fraxinus excelsior. Annals of Forest Science 67:210p1–210p7. Blanchette, R.A. 1991. Delignification by wood-decay fungi. An- nual Review of Phytopathology 29:381–398. Brazee, N.J., R.E. Marra, L. Göcke, and P. van Wassenaer. 2011. Non-destructive assessment of internal decay in three hard- wood species of northeastern North America using sonic and electrical impedance tomography. Forestry 84:33–39. Elliott, M.L., and T.K. Broschat. 2001. Observations and pathoge- nicity experiments on Ganoderma zonatum in Florida. Palms 45:62–72. Elliott, M.L., E.A. Des Jardin, K. O’Donnell, D.M. Geiser, N.A. Harrison, and T.K. Broschat. 2010. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, a novel forma specialis causing a lethal disease of Syagrus romanzoffiana and Washingtonia robusta in Florida. Plant Disease 94:31–38. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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