Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(3): May 2016 Variables in the Analysis The following variables are used in the analysis. Many are based on block averages based on the survey. Others are block averages based on the physical inventory by the main author or second- ary data sources. Table 4 lists each variable name, the source of the data, and a brief description. This is followed by Table 5, which provides de- scriptive statistics for each variable. All variables are based on a sample size of 80 blocks. HAUS, Street Trees, Other Trees, Median Income, Block Features, and Average Age show considerably more variation than the remaining variables. Table 6 shows the correlations of all usable variables gathered from the survey and physical inventory plus median income, which was drawn from the cross-reference directories. Not all of the data gathered by the inventory and survey is used in the analysis; in some cases, the responses were HAUS StreetT OtherT MedInc BlkFeat Age Educ Employ Owner Crime Police Safety Health PSS Source Survey Description 153 so irregular as to make comparison with other terms meaningless. One such variable is baby birth weight. For this variable, the block popu- lation was far too small to generate useful data. Birth weight comparisons with treed streets work at the epidemiological level (Donovan et al. 2011) but not at the block level. Another unused vari- able is ethnicity. Because the unit of measurement was the block, the only way to report ethnicity would be as a block average. This seemed an unnecessary exercise considering that Eitle and Turner (2003) demonstrate it is not ethnicity but exposure to environmental factors that is signifi- cant in predicting behavior in the neighborhood. Table 7 and Table 8 use two different measures of stress—the PSS and the HAUS—in multiple regression models. In this analysis, Table 4. The variable names, source, and description of the variables used in the analysis. Variable name The HAUS is an additive scale of 14 items measuring community stress using questions that are personal evaluations of external stimuli. The measure used is a block average. Inventory Inventory Secondary Inventory Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey A count of the number of municipal trees on the facing sides of the street. No trees on side streets were included. The number given is the block total. A count of the all trees between the facing block buildings, except street trees. It was calculated as the difference between the total trees and the number of street trees. Median income of the block, taken from a secondary data source, expressed per USD $1,000. An additive scale of five block features reviewed by the main author that reflect negative aspects of the block. The average age of respondents on the block, based on the information given in the survey. The average block proportion of college-educated respondents, based on the information given in the survey. The average block proportion of employed respondents, based on the information given in the survey. The average block proportion of owner-occupied houses, based on the information given in the survey. The average block proportion of respondents who indicated crime on their block in the last month, based on the information given in the survey. The average block proportion of respondents who indicated a police visit on their block in the last month, based on the information given in the survey. The block mean response to a four-item Likert scale, with 4 indicating Very Safe, based on the information given in the survey. The block mean response to a five-item Likert scale, with 5 indicating Excellent, based on the information given in the survey. The PSS is an additive scale of 10 items measuring community stress using questions that inquire about personal efficacy. The measure used is a block average. the PSS and the HAUS are dependent variables, and Street Trees, Other Trees, Median Income, and Block ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2016
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